|
|
|
syntaxe > participe / segment en -ing > sémantisme
Flash Gordon
Jim Keefe 10.10.2004
Having listened to Lisa's plan, participe en -ing antéposé, non déterminant (Flash Gordon -> nom propre autodéterminé, connu).
having been met with disbelief segment en -ing postposé, déterminant (donc indispensable), porte sur Flash's warnings of the coming invasion
Using the rocket cycle's hologram device... GN gérondif, sujet de make.
Le participe / segment en -ing peut être antéposé ou postposé à un GN :
Un segment en -ING peut déterminer un GN qui, sans cet apport d'information, resterait indéterminé, hors discours (hit man, people, somebody, crime investigation).
Dans les quatre comics ci-dessous, le segment en -ING est déterminant, donc indispensable.
1. lookin-for-Danny's-mom détermine le noyau nominal et fait partie intégrante du GN complexe a-hit-man-lookin-for-Danny's-mom.
Le segment participe en -ing peut être qualifiant.
Case 1 : Possessing incredible "spider-powers" est un élément qualifiant, qui porte sur Peter Parker et qui rappelle une qualité de ce personnage. Elément non indispensable, car il ne détermine pas Peter Parker, nom propre autodéterminé, connu du lecteur.
Case 2 : making him master of the city's roof tops vise a simple device. Il s'agit d'un élément qualifiant / résultatif : ce dispositif a pour effet d'assurer à Spiderman la suprématie sur les toits. Glose : un dispositif simple, qui fait de lui le maître des toits.
En théorie, ce segment en -ING pourrait être supprimé et remplacé par trois points de suspension : l'image parle pour elle-même.
Antéposé ou postposé ne signifie pas nécessairement juxtaposé : ici le segment en -ing est postposé et séparé du Groupe Nominal (GN) par le Groupe Verbal (GV).
New evidence has emerged linking Jeffrey Archer to the alleged conspirators behind the attempted coup in Equatorial Guinea. New Archer link to coup plot alleged, G, 13.10.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/equatorialguinea/story/0,15013,1326040,00.html
Le participe en -ing peut porter sur un GN (1-2 > The recently released film Alfie, third-quarter earnings) :
1 - The recently released film Alfie, starring the actor Jude Law and slated by the critics [ complément d'information, non déterminant, non essentiel ; sans cette incise, l'énoncé ferait sens ], has been voted among the worst movie remakes of all time. Remakes fail to inspire public imagination, G, 1.11.2004, http://film.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,12589,1340726,00.html
2 - NEW YORK (Reuters) - International Business Machines Corp. (IBM.N: Quote, Profile, Research) on Monday posted a flat quarterly net profit, weighed down by a legal settlement,
but said
fourth-quarter results would be better than expected, and
its shares rose 2.3 percent. The company also said full-year earnings would top Wall Street estimates, indicating that fourth-quarter profit would be better than expected [ ce dernier segment en -ing ne détermine ni company ni Wall Street estimates ; il n'est pas non
plus un commentaire de l'énonciateur, puisque l'information vient de IBM, voir
§1 ] . Third-quarter net income for the Armonk, New York-based company rose to $1.80 billion,
or $1.06 per share, from $1.79 billion, or $1.02 per share, a
year-earlier. according to a survey by Reuters Estimates.
Excluding the benefit of the weak dollar, [ glose : si l'on ne prend pas en compte les avantages apportés par la faiblesse du dollar. Il s'agit d'un commentaire, d'une contextualisation de l'énonciateur ], which boosts the value of overseas sales when they are converted into dollars,
revenue
grew 5 percent. Excluding the pension charges, [ glose : sans prendre en compte les frais liés aux retraites ] IBM recorded an operating profit of $1.17 a share, driven by improving profit margins in its computer services business
as well as its long-struggling semiconductor unit.
Autre cas de figure : le participe en -ing est relatif à une proposition (infographie et 2-15). Proposition : S + V intransitif, ou S + V transitif + O
Le sémantisme de l'ensemble en -ing est alors souvent d'ordre explicatif / significatif / résultatif / conséquentiel. Glose : ce qui signifie, ce qui marque, ce qui veut dire que, ce qui semble indiquer, ce qui a provoqué, s'est soldé par, faisant / provoquant...
The world's biggest earthquake in 40 years hit southern Asia on December 26, 2004, unleashing a tsunami that crashed into Sri Lanka and India, drowning thousands and swamping tourist isles in Thailand and the Maldives. Photo by Reuters Graphic. Asian Tsunami Kills 12,600, Many More Homeless
R, Sun Dec 26, 2004 10:06 PM ET
3 - Tesco says so many adults are sexing up the annual fright night that sales have hit £100m, making it a party second only to new year [ appréciation de l'énonciateur : ce qui en fait la deuxième fête la plus commerciale de l'année ] Halloween tricks turn to retail treat, G, 28.10.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1337524,00.html
4 - Bill Clinton, the perennial Comeback Kid of American politics, returned from his sick bed to centre stage yesterday, proving that his ailing, quadruply-bypassed heart is still in the fight. [ appréciation de l'énonciateur : voici ce que signifie le retour de Clinton sur le devant de la scène ]
Thinner and frailer, the
Comeback Kid puts heart into Kerry's campaign, G, 25.10.2004,
5 - She dialled 999, pleading with police to come and calm down her raging husband [ description, par l'énonciateur, de l'action du référent du sujet ]. When she hung up before giving all her details, police traced the call and a domestic violence unit rushed to the couple's north London home to find Dan had already left. TV Gail Porter: I called cops over fight with my hubby Dan, NoW, 31.10.2004, http://www.newsoftheworld.co.uk/story_pages/showbiz/showbiz1.shtml
6 - The clocks go back today, signalling the start of winter [ explication donnée par l'énonciateur : si l'on perd une heure aujourd'hui, c'est que c'est le début de l'heure d'hiver ]. From log cabins to castles, Liz Edwards picks 15 cosy retreats for hibernation holidays Baby, it's cold outside ..., O, 31.10.2004, http://travel.guardian.co.uk/hotels/story/0,11327,1340393,00.html
7 - NEW YORK (Reuters) - The U.S. manufacturing sector expanded last month, although at a slower pace than economists had forecast, a report showed on Monday, suggesting the economic recovery remains on track, though not at full steam. [ moi énonciateur, je vous donne le sens d'une donnée statistique : l'industrie américaine a légèrement progressé, donc cela signifie que la reprise continue ]
Manufacturing Up Less Than
Expected, R, Mon Nov 1, 2004 01:00 PM ET,
8 - Police were searching for two teenage assailants last night who launched a series of brutal attacks on gay men along London's South Bank, leaving one dead and at least four others injured [ conséquence de la principale ; il s'agit ici d'un constat, et non d'un commentaire de l'énonciateur ] Gay man killed on South Bank, G, 1.11.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,2763,1340731,00.html
9 - NEW YORK (Reuters) - U.S. stock futures soared on Wednesday, indicating the market would jump at the start, [ conséquence de la principale, prévision de l'énonciateur ] as investors bet that President Bush has won a second term in the White House, which could dispel the uncertainty that has dogged markets for months.
Stocks
to Jump as Wall St Bets on Bush, R, Wed Nov 3, 2004 06:09 AM ET,
10 - Insurgents mounted fresh attacks in Baghdad today, killing a senior oil ministry official and an American soldier and kidnapping a Lebanese-American contractor. [ conséquence, résultat de la principale, constat de l'énonciateur ]
Insurgents strike in
Baghdad :
11 - WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Democratic Sen. John Kerry conceded the White House race to President Bush in a phone call on Wednesday, ending the drama of ballot counting in Ohio and cementing Bush's re-election to a second four-year term. [ conséquence de la principale, appréciation de l'énonciateur ]
Kerry Concedes Election to
Bush, Wed Nov 3, 2004 12:26 PM ET,
12 - WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Republicans, having expanded their control of Congress, [ définition par l'énonciateur de l'état du référent du sujet ] were positioned on Wednesday to provide greater help to President Bush to push a stepped-up conservative agenda in his second term.
Republican Congress Set to
Push Bush Agenda, Wed Nov 3, 2004 12:50 PM ET,
13 - Ever the dutiful soldier, John Kerry delivered the most painful speech of his life yesterday, choking back the tears and the bitter aftertaste of defeat [ description par l'énonciateur de l'action du référent du sujet ] as he appealed to fellow Democrats - and his rival George Bush - to work to heal America's divide. Amid the raw emotions that occasionally overwhelmed him, forcing Mr Kerry to gaze up at the ceiling for composure, [ description par l'énonciateur de l'action du référent du sujet ] the senator apologised to his dejected supporters for coming up short,
but said it was time to admit
defeat. praising his opponent, but urging him to heal the divisions in the country.
[ description par l'énonciateur de l'action du référent du sujet ] saying it was imperative to banish the rancour of the past four years [ description par l'énonciateur de l'action du référent du sujet ] - especially while America remained at war. Tearful Kerry leaves best speech to the bitter end, G, 4.11.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uselections2004/story/0,13918,1342821,00.html
14 - WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Fewer Americans filed jobless claims last week and worker productivity slowed sharply in the third quarter, government data showed on Thursday, hinting at better conditions in the country's sluggish labor market. [ appréciation : moi énonciateur, je vous donne la signification possible
de ces
deux données économiques, voilà comment je vois les choses ] Financial markets took the data in stride, with both the dollar and benchmark U.S. 10-year Treasury bonds hovering following the release, [ description par l'énonciateur de l'état du référent des sujets both the dollar and benchmark U.S. 10-year Treasury bonds ] awaiting the more important October employment report due out on Friday. [ description par l'énonciateur de l'état du référent du sujet Financial markets ]
15 - Van Rolls Into Conn. Pond, Killing 3
July 5, 2007
BRIDGEPORT, Conn. (AP) -- A 6-year-old boy was the lone survivor of a minivan that rolled into a pond, trapping him and three others for up to 25 minutes
before police divers were able to pull
them out. The boy was in critical condition Thursday. screaming for help [ information supplémentaire / circonstancielle ], as it rolled 60 or 70 yards down a steep hill at a park near her home Wednesday, police said. She jumped in the van just before it went in the water, police said.
She and two
other children, including her son David, were killed, police said.
'A
day of sorrow for all Bridgeporters.'' before members of the Bridgeport police scuba team pulled them out.
Rescuers
tried to revive them before they were taken to hospitals, where they died. but did not identify the other children.
Police said all three
children were younger than 7.
hospital spokesman Mark D'Antonio said Thursday. apparently had gotten out of the van to ask directions to a holiday barbecue, but police would not confirm that Wednesday night. He said people nearby tried unsuccessfully to stop the van,
and that fire personnel were not able to reach those trapped inside. ''We've had children die before.
That's
probably one of the toughest things for any rescue person to deal with.'' Van Rolls Into Conn. Pond, Killing 3, NYT, 5.7.2007, http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/us/AP-Van-Submerged.html
Le segment en -ING peut aussi apporter une information supplémentaire, d'ordre circonstanciel :
LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - The orchestra conductor of Southern California's landmark Crystal Cathedral committed suicide early on Friday, shooting himself inside a barricaded storage room.
Conductor Kills Himself in California Cathedral, R, Fri Dec 17, 2004 09:36 PM
ET,
Lorsqu'il vise le GN, l'ensemble en -ing a une fonction qualificative / descriptive.
Cette qualification peut être d'ordre : - contingent (3-4-5-6, Une, photo d'actualité et publicité) :
1 - For many, it is a region set apart from the rest of the north, let alone the rest of England; fiercely proud, often parodied, sometimes insular and over-romanticised - and suspicious of a capital 300 miles away where many still trek for work. Stretching across mountain, moor, national park and spectacular countryside from the Tweed to the Tees, with a dialect in its heartland that many cannot fathom - it has a distinctive heritage and culture going back to St Cuthbert, an emerging patron saint who underpinned the identity of the old Northumbrian kingdom.
Northern exposure : On the eve of
the referendum for self-rule in England's north-east,
2 - A life-size nude by Lucian Freud of one of the world's most admired and photographed women will go on sale next year. Lucian Freud's Naked Portrait 2002 shows a pregnant Kate Moss draped over a bed, her head resting lightly on her left arm. With rounded belly and a discreet little fold of skin beneath her right breast, this is a magnificent, voluptuous, flesh-and-blood Moss, hardly the wispy, ethereal creature she often appears in photographs. Her face recedes into the background and her calves are prominently displayed; this is Moss as few have ever seen her. £3m
estimate on Freud portrait of Kate Moss, G, 29.10.2004,
3 - Four days before the US presidential election, a new videotape of Osama bin Laden surfaced yesterday, with the al-Qaida leader admitting responsibility for the first time for the September 11, 2001 attacks, and threatening new strikes against America.
Bin Laden warning to America, G, 30.10.2004,
4 - Excluding the costs of the legal settlement, third-quarter earnings exceeded analysts' estimates.
"Si l'on voit les choses de telle manière", les revenus se définissent ainsi : third-quarter earnings exclude the costs of the legal settlement (énoncé théorique).
5 - Arafat Opens Eyes, Communicating - Israeli Report
Sat Nov 6, 2004 JERUSALEM (Reuters) - Palestinian President Yasser Arafat has partially emerged from his coma in a French hospital, opening his eyes and communicating with his doctors [ segments qualifiants, vise le GNS ] , an Israeli newspaper Web site said Saturday citing Palestinian sources [ participe, vise GNS + V ]. YNET, the Web site of the leading Israeli daily Yediot Ahronoth, quoted a senior Palestinian official who visited Arafat overnight as saying the president had regained some control of his limbs and was seen moving in bed [ 1 - vise a senior Palestinian official who visited Arafat overnight . 2 - Sous-ensemble qualifiant moving in bed, vise the president ] . Friday, Palestinian envoy Leila Shahid said Arafat was in a "reversible coma," countering earlier reports that he had been declared brain-dead by doctors at the French hospital to which he was admitted with a stomach illness last week [ vise la principale et sa complétive ; l'ensemble en -ing permet à l'énonciateur de mettre en perspective l'information contenue dans la principale et sa complétive. Glose : , démentant ainsi... ] .
Arafat Opens Eyes, Communicating - Israeli Report, R, Sat Nov 6,
2004 03:18 AM ET,
6 - WASHINGTON (Reuters) - With the U.S. economy picking up steam, [ moi énonciateur, je vous donne l'état de l'économie américaine, sa principale caractéristique ] the year's fourth straight interest-rate hike looked like a certainty at Wednesday's meeting of the Federal Reserve's Open Market Committee, economists said. Fed
Seen Likely to Raise Interest Rates, R, Wed Nov 10, 2004 02:03 AM ET,
Readying for an expected attack on Falluja, Iraq, United States marines practiced loading ambulances Friday near the insurgent-held city.
NYT 6.11.2004
The Guardian p. 29 13.10.2005
Lorsque le participe en -ing vise l'ensemble d'une proposition (SVO), il ne qualifie pas le GN sujet (paragraphe 2) :
Excluding the costs of the legal settlement, third-quarter earnings exceeded analysts' estimates.
The company also said full-year earnings would top Wall Street estimates, indicating that fourth-quarter profit would be better than expected.
indicating that fourth-quarter profit would be better than expected ne définit / qualifie / détermine pas the company
Participe "présent" ?
Le GV de la proposition de référence peut être au présent ou au passé (les deux temps de l'anglais), ou à une forme verbale exprimant l'idée de passé / présent / futur :
NEW YORK (Reuters) - Stock futures slipped on Wednesday, pointing to a weak market open, as firming oil prices and a wide-reaching investigation into the insurance and health industry cast a shadow over Wall Street Stocks
Look to Open Weak as Oil Firms, R, Wed Oct 20, 2004 07:01 AM ET,
Education: Three students, two teachers and a head share their diaries, offering a gripping set of insights into British education. Observer web frontpage, 17.10.2004, The education diaries... revisited.
Le participe en -ing apporte une information importante relative au GN (qualité, état, catégorie, circonstance, conséquence) - importante, mais parfois non nécessaire, non déterminante.
En 1, le participe porte sur l'ensemble de la proposition de référence. Il ne détermine pas le GN One of Britain's leading documentary makers. On pourrait déplacer / supprimer claiming it has done nothing...threat sans modifier le sens premier de l'énoncé :
1 - One of Britain's leading documentary makers has attacked television's obsession with Islamic terrorism, claiming it has done nothing to dispel myths surrounding al-Qaeda and is too willing to take the government line on the 'high' level of the threat. BBC under
fire for 'false reality', O, 17.10.2004,
Lorsque le segment en -ing détermine le nom de référence, le sort de l'indétermination, il est difficile de définir ce segment comme un "participe".
Le segment déterminant est indispensable. Il ne peut être ni déplacé, ni supprimé (voir autres exemples).
Postposé au nom, il fait partie intégrante d'un GN complexe.
En 2, children est déterminé par being born with three biological parents. L'ensemble forme le GN complexe children-being-born-with-three-biological-parents
2 - Scientists are seeking permission to carry out experiments that would result in children being born with three biological parents. UK medical authorities say they will almost certainly approve the application in the next few weeks. Babies with three parents ahead, O, 17.10.2004, http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,1329371,00.html
3 - Her story is harrowing - and familiar to many in Cambodia. HIV infection rates in the country of 12 million people are just under 3 per cent, the highest in Asia. Almost everyone sitting in the clinic corridor has the virus.
Aids, the new killer in the fields
: A nation still recovering from years
of political bloodletting,
4 - WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A pharmacology professor testifying in the U.S. government's $280 billion suit against the cigarette industry said on Monday he quit working as an expert witness for a tobacco trade group after it pressured him to be more of an advocate.
Professor Says Pressured
to Be Tobacco Advocate, R, Mon Oct 25, 2004 07:28 PM ET,
5 - Australian police investigating the death of a British tourist whose body was found in the Outback today believe she may have got lost while trying to walk 20km back to her hotel at night.
Outback tourist 'may
have got lost', G, 27.10.2004,
A l'inverse du gérondif, forme nominale autonome, déjà déterminée, et qui peut être utilisée seule, ou comme objet / sujet :
Googling my brain
Headline, G, 20.10.2004,
Mutu denies using cocaine
Headline and sub,
G, 18.10.2004,
Installing and using the Desktop Search is simple: you can visit the site and, if you agree with the terms and conditions and have 1GB of free space, you can download the software in seconds. Installing is easy, and an initial scan of your computer is done swiftly. Updates to the database are made when your computer is not being used, so it should not impinge upon your everyday work.
Seeking solutions :
... le segment en -ING, qui permet notamment à l'énonciateur de donner son avis, d'apporter une information supplémentaire, porte sur un nom ou sur une proposition de référence :
Prudential announced plans for a £1bn cash call yesterday, shocking investors and sparking an 8% fall in its share price. [ porte sur la proposition ]
£1bn cash call
shocks Pru investors, G, 20.10.2004,
In a balanced, multi-party parliamentary democracy, Ralph Nader would have been a candidate for secular sainthood. He forced consumer protection - physical and financial - on to the public agenda in the 1960s, saving thousands of lives and billions of dollars. [ porte sur le pronom ] He championed freedom of information laws that declared that public records belong to the people, not to those who compile them. His focus on corporate kleptocracy led to reforms - albeit temporary - in political campaign finance. Ralph Nader : Time to step aside, headline and §1, G, 20.10.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uselections2004/comment/story/0,14259,1331210,00.html
Le segment participe en -ing a souvent une valeur adjectivale.
Lorsque c'est le cas, un simple déplacement suffit à le transformer en adjectif, antéposé au nom qu'il contribue à déterminer (§ 1) :
Kerry leaves Bush scowling [ segment en -ing ]
John Kerry was yesterday widely declared the winner of the first presidential debate, after an aggressive performance left a scowling [ adjectif en -ing ] President George Bush sometimes groping for words. Headline and §1, G, 2.10.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uselections2004/story/0,13918,1318121,00.html
Quake Measuring 6.4 Hits Central Iran
TEHRAN, Iran (AP) -- A powerful earthquake shook central Iran on Tuesday, destroying villages and killing at least 14 people, state-run television reported. An official in the city of Kerman said the powerful 6.4-magnitude killed at least 14 people and scores of others were injured, according to the broadcast. Headline and first §§, NYT, 22.2.2005, http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/international/AP-Iran-Earthquake.html
Résumé :
Le participe est ainsi appelé parce qu'il participe / dépend souvent, sur le plan de la syntaxe et du sémantisme, d'un GN :
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - President Bush and Democratic Sen. John Kerry traded attacks in New Mexico on Monday, with Bush saying Kerry fundamentally misunderstands the war on terror and Kerry charging the president favors the rich and powerful over the middle class.
Kerry, Bush Trade Charges in New Mexico, R, Mon
Oct 11, 2004 03:50 PM ET,
Il peut aussi renvoyer à une proposition (SVO) (noter les virgules qui encadrent le segment en -ING, re-présentation de ce qui vient d'être dit ; noter également, dans le comics, les six points de suspension) :
SINGAPORE (Reuters) - NYMEX crude kept close to record highs near $54 early on Tuesday as global oil supplies remained hounded by disruptions, magnifying concerns over U.S. heating oil stocks ahead of the winter, traders said. NYMEX Crude Near Highs Off $54, R, Mon
Oct 11, 2004 11:11 PM ET,
NEW YORK (Reuters) - U.S. stock futures rose steadily on Wednesday, pointing to a strong market open, with technology shares showing strength after Intel Corp. (INTC.O: Quote, Profile, Research) and Yahoo Inc. (YHOO.O: Quote, Profile, Research) reported solid quarterly earnings.
Stocks Seen Higher on Techs; Oil Declines,
R, Wed Oct 13, 2004 07:49 AM
ET,
Autre exemple d'un segment en -ING liée à une proposition :
Dans le comics ci-dessous, creating a hologram the residents of this Boston neighborhood will not soon forget! renvoie à la proposition Switches are accidentally triggered.
Traduction : Des commutateurs se déclenchent par hasard, créant / ce qui crée...
Flash Gordon
by Jim Keefe 12.9.2004
Le participe en -ING peut renvoyer à :
- l'ensemble du GN sujet d'une proposition (1 > circonstance)
- un élément du GN sujet (2 > état)
- l'ensemble d'une proposition (3 > information statistique).
On le rencontre en début, en milieu ou en fin d'énoncé :
1 - The rows over money and design that have bedevilled Freedom Tower, the skyscraper that will dominate the site of New York's destroyed World Trade Centre, were set aside yesterday as a granite cornerstone was officially laid on US Independence Day. Unveiling the 20-ton slab of stone, the governor of New York, George Pataki, described it as "a new symbol of this city and this country and of our resolve in the face of terror". Authorities believe Freedom Tower will be the world's tallest skyscraper when it is completed in 2009. The twisting glass and steel design is meant to echo the Statue of Liberty, with an 85-metre (280ft) spire resembling her torch. Stretching 541 metres (1,776ft) above the north-west corner of the World Trade Centre site, it will also allude to the date of America's independence from Britain - July 4 1776. First stone laid at Freedom Tower, G, 5.7.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/september11/story/0,11209,1254117,00.html
2 - The acceleration in house prices, now rising at more than 20% a year, has already triggered calls for "shock therapy", with some economists telling MPs yesterday that the cost of borrowing should jump 50 basis points to 4.75% immediately.
Industrial outlook is the best
for years :
3 - SINGAPORE (Reuters) - Asian stocks edged higher on Tuesday on increasing confidence in the U.S. and Japanese economies, hitting a one-month peak in Tokyo and pushing Japan's benchmark bond yield to its highest level since the end of 2000. Asian Stocks Gain on Economic Cheer, R, 7.6.2004, http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=MXYCAWQOYAST4CRBAEZSFFA?type=businessNews&storyID=5366699
Le participe peut souvent être déplacé, sauf exceptions, parfois même hors de l'énoncé où se trouve le GN de référence : un effet de style consiste à l'isoler ou à le postposer.
Ci-dessous, les deux segments en -ing (Helping ensure... Providing you...) sont des énoncés à part entière, placés après l'énoncé / le GN de référence (BT's decade of network expertise) :
The Guardian p.11 9.9.2004
Quelle que soit sa place, le participe en -ING renvoie à un GN ou à une proposition, il participe / dépend de l'un ou l'autre élément.
Illustration ci-dessous : the Smart-1 spacecraft <- leaving Earth for the moon
An artist's impression of the Smart-1 spacecraft leaving Earth for the moon
The Guardian p.13 8.9.2004
The Guardian G2 p.1 9.3.2006
Rappelons que le participe en -ING apporte une information importante (qualité / état, circonstance, conséquence, moyen, explication, sens) relative au GN ou à la proposition de référence :
Two firearms officers opened fire at Mr Stanley, believing a table leg he was carrying in a blue plastic bag was a shotgun [ explication de ce qui est dit dans la proposition principale ].
Policemen may face charges after unlawful killing
verdict, G, 30.10.2004,
Cette information n'est parfois pas nécessaire. Dans certains cas, l'énoncé resterait compréhensible sans le participe. Ci-dessous, Using the monstrous... pourrait être supprimé sans nuire au sens.
Flash Gordon Jim Keefe 22.8.2004
Par ailleurs, la suppression du GN / de la proposition de référence rend souvent le message incompréhensible - à l'exception de certains comics, où une partie de l'image / l'onomatopée - THOOM! - fonctionne comme une principale. Ci-dessus, la suppression de la principale Flash fires... ne nuierait pas à la compréhension du passage.
Fonction grammaticale
Contrairement au gérondif, le participe en -ing n'est ni sujet, ni objet.
Enoncés 1 et 2 : le participe en -ing (favouring television and computer games instead) ne doit pas ici être confondu avec :
une structure en be + -ing (1)
un nom en -ing (2a)
un GN gérondif (en -ing) (2b)
un adjectif en -ing (2c)
1 - Children in the UK are not reading enough at home, favouring television and computer games instead, according to new research Children shun books for TV, G, 15.9.2004, http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,5500,1305200,00.html
2 - Sorrowful Blair urges unity in face of Iraq terror threat
· PM praises 'dignified' Bigley family and warns of media manipulation · Battle against rebels compared to dark days of Second World War
Tony Blair yesterday disclosed his 'immense' sorrow for the plight of the hostage Kenneth Bigley. But he issued a powerful plea for the nation to back his firm stance against the uprising [ GN ] in Iraq or risk fuelling global terrorism [ GN gérondif ] . In his first public comments since the harrowing [ adjectif ] tape was broadcast of Bigley pleading for the Prime Minister to save him [ participe non déterminant, postposé à un nom propre ] , Blair warned of the kidnappers' ability to 'manipulate the modern media', which he admitted left politicians in a difficult position.
Headline, subs and first §§,
26.9.2004,
participes en série > théorie des dominos
Caught on film: The sequence showing a marine shooting a wounded man in a mosque in Falluja
The Guardian
p. 1 23.11.2004
Un participe peut renvoyer au participe précédent :
SINGAPORE (Reuters) - The U.S. dollar stumbled on Monday, setting multi-month lows against the yen and euro [ conséquence de la proposition principale ] and trading around four-year lows against the Korean won and Singapore dollar [ information complémentaire sur l'état / la valeur de dollar ], prompting investors to clip Asian share markets [ conséquence de trading around four-year lows against the Korean won and Singapore dollar ].
Asian Shares Fall on Dollar; Gold, Oil Up, R, Sun Oct 24, 2004 11:30 PM
ET,
BAGHDAD (Reuters) - Guerrillas stormed a Baghdad police station and ambushed an American patrol, killing a soldier and wounding nine in daylight attacks in the capital on Saturday, defying efforts to crush a Sunni Muslim revolt [ glose : défiant ainsi... ] . Hours after a U.S. general acknowledged that it was hasty to claim this month's offensive on Falluja had broken the back of the insurgency, rebels killed three policemen in a dawn strike on their station in Baghdad's Sunni Aadhamiya district.
Rebels Attack Baghdad Police, Troops, R, Sat Nov 20, 2004 05:19 PM ET,
segment en -ING > déterminant ou participe > autres énoncés
Three Car Bombs Kill 4, Wound 16 in Baghdad
Sat Apr 30, 2005
BAGHDAD (Reuters) - Three car bombs targeting military patrols exploded in Baghdad on Saturday, killing four people and wounding 16, [ participe > information supplémentaire, conséquence de la proposition principale ] police said. Militants detonated one car bomb alongside a joint Iraqi and U.S. military patrol in the Zayuna district of eastern Baghdad, as it passed near a police station, killing two passers-by, one of them a child, and wounding 10 [ participe > information supplémentaire, conséquence de la proposition principale ] . Three Car
Bombs Kill 4, Wound 16 in Baghdad, R, Sat Apr 30, 2005 02:00 PM ET,
VANCOUVER, Wash. (Reuters) - Scientists tracking renewed earthquake activity at Mount St. Helens [ détermine le GN ] raised their warning level on Saturday to a Level 3-Volcano Alert, signaling a second eruption may be brewing. Eruption
Warning at Mount St. Helens -- Scientists, R, Sat Oct 2,
2004 07:42 PM ET,
Ken Bigley, the British engineer who has been held hostage in Iraq for two weeks, appeared in chains on a video last night begging for his life but saying for the first time that his kidnappers did not want to kill him [ participe > circonstance ]. Mr Bigley, 62, appeared haggard but unhurt. He frequently broke down and sobbed as he spoke, at times grasping his head in his hand [ participe > circonstance ]. "My captors don't want to kill me," he said. But moments later he added: "I am begging you for my life. Have some compassion. Please." There was no way of verifying when the video was taken [ GN gérondif ], but his family took it as proof that Mr Bigley was still alive.
Caged and chained, Bigley makes new plea
:
CBS News anchor Dan Rather on Wednesday strongly defended his 60 Minutes story critical of President Bush's military service, saying that his report is true but that legitimate questions have been raised about the authenticity of documents he used to support it [ participe > complément d'information ].
Rather says memo flap doesn't change
his story, USA Today, §1, 15.9.2004,
NEW ORLEANS (Reuters) - Hurricane Ivan killed at least two people on Wednesday as it began to batter U.S. shores with high winds and ferocious surf, touching off tornadoes that ripped through coastal cities [ participe > conséquence ]. Hurricane Ivan Slams U.S. Gulf Coast, Kills Two, R, 15.9.2004, http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=RAJC55WHICAUSCRBAE0CFEY?type=topNews&storyID=6249643
The prime minister, Tony Blair, today declared that the government's crusade against social exclusion was working, but his claim coincided with new figures that showed homelessness had reached a new record high. Launching a progress report on social exclusion [ participe > circonstance / cadre ] Mr Blair said the government's record on poverty was one "we can be proud of". Blair 'proud' of crusade against poverty, G, 13.9.2004,http://society.guardian.co.uk/homelessness/story/0,8150,1303657,00.html
She said it to Rudolf Nureyev and then to the Royal Ballet... Sylvie Guillem has said 'no' so often they call her Mademoiselle Non. Now approaching 40 [ participe > complément d'information, état ] , and still impossibly slim and spiky, is she about to hang up her ballet shoes and spend more time with her cat? You can probably guess the answer 'If I'm ready for a fight, I go
for it', O, 12.9.2004,
participe / segment en -ING ou gérondif ?
Le segment / participe en -ing ne doit pas être confondu avec une autre forme en -ing, le GN gérondif.
Le gérondif est une forme nominale. Sa fonction est sujet / objet / complément. Cette forme est autonome.
Alors que le participe en -ing renvoie / complète à un nom ou à une proposition (SVO), le GN gérondif n'est pas le complément d'une autre forme :
US researchers have questioned whether eating plenty of fruit and vegetables reduces the risk of developing cancer, a central claim in official health advice. A study led by the Harvard school of public health in Boston analysed data from more than 100,000 health professionals over 14 years and concluded such a diet led to a "modest" overall reduction in chronic disease, largely because of the impact on preventing heart disease and strokes. The Department of Health has said increasing fruit and vegetable consumption is the most important anti-cancer measure after stopping people smoking.
It offers
free portions to children aged up to seven in schools. on reducing the risks of disease [ gérondif > valeur : objectif ] , citing World Health Organisation recommendations and those of its own advisers [ participe relatif à la principale ]. The reduction of risk in some cancers was supported by other research findings, it said. Study questions cancer claims for 5-a-day diet, G, 3.11.2004, http://society.guardian.co.uk/cancer/story/0,8150,1341951,00.html
Americans started voting in federal and state elections on Tuesday, with President George W. Bush and Senator John Kerry locked in a neck-and-neck battle for the White House. President Bush and his wife voted early in Crawford, Texas, near their ranch, before boarding a plane to pay a visit to the fiercely contested state of Ohio in a bid to mobilise Republican support. Senator Kerry spent the morning in Wisconsin supporting get-out-the-vote efforts in a state that allows same-day registration of voters [ participe en -ing, relatif à Senator Kerry ], before heading home to Boston to vote and await results. Voting gets under way in tight presidential race, FT, 2.11.2004, http://news.ft.com/cms/s/ff7eacd6-2b89-11d9-92d4-00000e2511c8.html
segment en -ING / gérondif équivalences théoriques
Le segment en -ING peut déterminer un nom.
Ci-dessous, dealing with abuse vise et détermine medics. L'ensemble forme le GN complexe medics-dealing-with-abuse. Equivalence théorique du gérondif Protecting children : The fact of protecting.
Protecting children puts doctors at risk
Threats and violence face medics dealing with abuse Threats, violence and unjustified complaints against doctors and other health professionals are driving them out of the area of child abuse, leaving vulnerable children potentially unprotected, surveys showed yesterday. Headline, and sub, G, 9.4.2004, http://society.guardian.co.uk/children/story/0,1074,1165276,00.html
Equivalence théorique du participe en -ing : As he was meeting...
Meeting 10 Palestinian and Israeli editors and journalists in Downing Street on Tuesday, two hours before the first of two suicide bombings in Israel, he said that without security, negotiations on the outstanding issues - borders, settlements, the future of Jerusalem, refugees - would be fruitless. Blair talks of 'terrible virus', G, 11.9.2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,2763,1039590,00.html
Leaving the independent Atlantic label to sign with a major company, he recorded Georgia, a song written by Hoagy Carmichael 30 years earlier. It provided the first sign of his desire to broaden his audience still further, and it took the charts by storm in 1960. A year later Hit the Road, Jack returned to the gospel-blues style and gave Charles and his backing singers, the Raeletts, a worldwide hit.
Ray
Charles, father of soul music, dies at 73
:
Richard Williams on the
legendary singer who blended blues and gospel, G,11.6.2003,
ISTANBUL (Reuters) - A bomb blast ripped through a city bus, killing two people in Istanbul on Thursday, days before President Bush arrives in the country for a NATO summit, Turkish television said. Second Bomb Blast in a Day Rocks Turkey, 2 Dead, R, 24.6.2004, http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=4L2IN4NP1TKG2CRBAEOCFFA?type=topNews&storyID=5504807
Speaking yesterday in Warsaw, the Polish capital, Mr Blair said the evidence of weapons of mass destruction in the dossier was "evidence the truth of which I have absolutely no doubt about at all". Straw, Powell had serious doubts over their Iraqi weapons claims: Secret transcript revealed, G, 31.5.2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,967548,00.html
Looking directly through the bigger telescopes, their lenses covered with glass so dark you couldn't see anything except the sun, we could look at an even finer sight, as if a black bug was crawling very slowly across a lemon yellow frisbee. "It's gorgeous, gorgeous!" cried Dr Allan Chapman of Oxford, a professor of the history of science. He is also the world authority on Jeremiah Horrocks, a genius from Liverpool who had gone to work in a village near our field, possibly to train as a vicar. Using others' incorrect tables of planetary motions, accurate observations of his own, and endless calculations on scraps of paper, this youth worked out that Kepler - one of the greatest astronomers of all time - was wrong, and there would be a transit of Venus on December 4 (our calendar) 1639. A piece of history passes by and 350 years on the sun shines for Jeremiah the genius, G, 9.6.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/space/article/0,14493,1234593,00.html
sémantisme / détermination / syntaxe / style segment difficilement / non déplaçable
Fermin Rocker Woman Ironing 1955
30cm x 43cm ( approx 12" x 17" )
Watercolour / Gouache
1 - Déplacer entering Israel, qui vise et détermine 4 militants, créerait un contre-sens :
???Entering Israel Israeli Soldiers kill 4 militants.
Un segment déterminant n'est pas mobile, puisqu'il fait partie intégrante d'un GN complexe : 4 militants entering Israel.
1 - Israeli Soldiers Kill 4 Militants Entering Israel
Sat Oct 2, 2004 four Palestinian gunmen who were infiltrating Israel's border with northern Gaza, witnesses said, as the army continued a wide-scale offensive in the area to weed out rocket launchers. A military source said soldiers had received earlier information about militants who planned to infiltrate into southern Israel and carry out an attack in a town in the area. Troops spotted four gunmen wearing explosives belts cutting through the border fence, and killed them, the source said. Headline and first §§,
R, 2.10.2004,
An Iraqi man is brought to the hospital after a car bomb exploded in Mosul October 5, 2004. British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw made a surprise visit to Iraq on Tuesday, with violence and kidnapping overshadowing plans for elections in January.
Photo by Ceerwan Aziz/Reuters Tue Oct 5, 2004 10:09 AM ET
The government plans to forge ahead with compulsory home sellers' packs, despite the Lords having thrown out the proposal last night. Compulsory home sellers' packs face struggle, G, 4.11.2004, http://money.guardian.co.uk/property/movinghome/story/0,14438,1343553,00.html
Polls show the race is extraordinarily close, with a flurry of surveys showing a dead heat nationally and contradictory polls indicating most of the 10 hardest fought battleground states could tip either way. Bush and
Kerry Face Verdict of Voters, R, Tue Nov 2, 2004 01:31 AM ET,
Last week's seizure of material belonging to anti-globalisation websites could have serious consequences for citizen publishers. Bobbie Johnson reports Heavy hand of the
law, G, 14.10.2004,
Occupants of car seen near shooting are urged to 'look in mirror', amid call to protect bystanders giving evidence School leads
mourning for gun victim, G, 12.10.2004,
SINGAPORE (Reuters) - NYMEX crude kept close to record highs near $54 early on Tuesday as global oil supplies remained hounded by disruptions, magnifying concerns over U.S. heating oil stocks ahead of the winter, traders said. NYMEX Crude Near Highs Off $54, R, Mon
Oct 11, 2004 11:11 PM ET,
ST. LOUIS (Reuters) - President Bush and Democratic challenger John Kerry argued about Iraq, jobs and taxes in their second debate Friday, with Kerry questioning Bush's judgment and the president accusing Kerry of crumbling under political pressure.
Bush, Kerry Differ Sharply on Iraq, Taxes,
R, Sat Oct 9, 2004 12:24 AM
ET,
New tremors were detected at Mount St Helens yesterday as scientists warned that the volcano, which erupted in May 1980, killing 57 people, was about to blow again.
Tremors
heard at Mount St Helens, G, 4.10.2004,
At least 46 people were killed and 200 injured in a series of bomb attacks targeting US and Iraqi forces in and around Baghdad today. Dozens of the victims were children. Multiple Iraq bombings
kill 46, G, 30.9.2004,
Along with a Wisconsin 'cheesehead' cowboy hat, Photo by Kevin Lamarque/Reuters.
Kerry, Bush Make Final Bid in Key States, R, Mon Nov 1, 2004
11:30 AM ET,
No stranger experience can have happened to Mr. Chamberlain during the past month of adventures than his reception back home in London. He drove from Heston to Buckingham Palace, where the crowd clamoured for him, and within five minutes of his arrival he was standing on the balcony of the Palace with the King and Queen and Mrs. Chamberlain. The cries were all for "Neville," and he stood there blinking in the light of a powerful arc-lamp and waving his hand and smiling (difficilements déplaçables avant he pour des raisons évidentes de style). For three minutes this demonstration lasted. Another welcome awaited the Premier in Downing Street, which he reached fifteen minutes later. With difficulty his car moved forward from Whitehall to No. 10. Mounted policemen rode fore and aft and a constable kept guard on the running board of the car. Every window on the three floors of No. 10 and No. 11 was open and filled with faces. The windows of the Foreign Office across the way were equally full - all except one, which was made up with sandbags. Everywhere were people cheering. One of the women there found no other words to express her feelings but these, "The man who gave me back my son." Mr. and Mrs. Chamberlain stood for a few moments on the doorstep acknowledging the greeting (segment déplaçable). Then Mr. Chamberlain went to a first-floor window and leaned forward happily smiling on the people. "My good friends," he said - it took some time to still the clamour so that he might be heard - "this is the second time in our history that there has come back from Germany 'peace with honour.' I believe it is peace for our time. " Return from Munich, G, Saturday October 1, 1938, http://www.guardian.co.uk/secondworldwar/story/0,14058,1316341,00.html
Pylons carrying electricity from BE-owned Sizewell B power station, Suffolk.
The Guardian p. 21 22.9.2004
Voir aussi / Related
-ing > valeur adjectivale d'un segment en -ing -ing > question > présupposition
|
|
www.anglonautes.com
|
