African American youth tortured and burned to death by mob.

Location: Waco, TX, US

Date taken: 1916

Photographer: Charles H. Phillips

Life Images

George Meadows, "murderer & rapist,"

lynched on scene of his last crime.

L. Horgan, Jr. (dates unknown). Photograph, c. 1889.

LC-USZ62-31911

Library of Congress

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/aap/aapmob.html

Jusqu'aux années 1960,

plus de quatre mille personnes ont été lynchées,

un Noir par semaine en quelque quatre-vingts ans.

Francis Cornu,"Le Monde Télévision-Radio-DVD-Vidéo", Le Monde Télévision, 7.9.2002.

Negro expulsion from railway car, Philadelphia.

Artist unknown.

Wood engraving,

in Illustrated London News, September 27, 1856. (detail)

Library of Congress
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/aap/aapseg.html

TITLE: [Iron mask, collar, leg shackles and spurs used to restrict slaves]
REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-USZ62-31864 (b&w film copy neg.)
MEDIUM: 1 print : woodcut.
CREATED/PUBLISHED: New York : Samuel Wood, 1807.
NOTES: Illus. in: The penitential tyrant / Thomas Branagan.
New-York: Printed by Samuel Wood, no. 362, Pearl-street, 1807.
REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3a32403 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3a32403
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/i?pp/ils:@field(NUMBER+@band(cph+3a32403)):displayType=1:m856sd=cph:m856sf=3a32403
Conversion TIFF > JPEG
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?pp/ils:@FIELD(NUMBER(3a32403))
http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/082_slave.html

TITLE: To be sold, on board the ship Bance Island, ... negroes, just arrived from the Windward & Rice Coast
SUMMARY: Photograph of newspaper advertisement from the 1780s(?)
for the sale of slaves at Ashley Ferry outside of Charleston, South Carolina.
MEDIUM: 1 photographic print.
CREATED/PUBLISHED: [between 1940 and 1960]
REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
DIGITAL ID: (b&w film copy neg.) cph 3a52072 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3a52072
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/i?pp/ils:@field(NUMBER+@band(cph+3a52072)):displayType=1:m856sd=cph:m856sf=3a52072
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?pp/ils:@FIELD(TITLE(bance))
http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/082_slave.html

TITLE: ["Auction & Negro Sales," Whitehall Street]

REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-DIG-cwpb-03351 (digital file from original neg. of left half)
LC-DIG-cwpb-03350 (digital file from original neg. of right half)
LC-B8171-3608 (b&w film copy neg.)

SUMMARY: Photograph of the War in the West.
These photographs are of Sherman in Atlanta, September-November, 1864.
After three and a half months of incessant maneuvering and much hard fighting,
Sherman forced Hood to abandon the munitions center of the Confederacy.
Sherman remained there, resting his war-worn men and accumulating supplies, for nearly two and a half months.
During the occupation, George N. Barnard, official photographer of the Chief Engineer's Office,
made the best documentary record of the war in the West;
but much of what he photographed was destroyed in the fire that spread
from the military facilities blown up at Sherman's departure on November 15.

MEDIUM: 1 negative (2 plates) : glass, stereograph, wet collodion.

CREATED/PUBLISHED: [1864]

CREATOR: Barnard, George N., 1819-1902, photographer.

REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
DIGITAL ID: (digital file from original neg. of left half) cwpb 03350 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cwpb.03350 
(digital file from original neg. of right half) cwpb 03351 http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cwpb.03351 
(digital file from b&w film copy neg.) ppmsc 00058 
(digital file from intermediary roll copy film) cwp 4a39949
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/i?pp/ils:@field(NUMBER+@band(ppmsc+00058)):displayType=1:m856sd=ppmsc:m856sf=00058
Conversion TIFF > JPEG > Anglonautes

http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/082_slave.html

Wendell Phillips        1811-1884

one of the nation’s most prominent antislavery leaders

http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/06/the-abolitionists-epiphany/

Frederick Douglass        1818-1895

Frederick Douglass was an abolitionist.

Born to a slave mother and an unknown white father,

he spent his childhood in slavery but secretly learned to read.

As a teenager,

he was hired out to a brutal overseer before escaping to the North.

Douglass became a powerful orator

and a leading voice in the struggle against slavery.

In 1845,

his autobiography

("Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,

an American Slave: Written by Himself")

was published to great acclaim.

http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/d/frederick_douglass/index.html

Douglass, Frederick

half-length.

Pictures of the Civil War
Select Audiovisual Records
National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC 20408
Abolitionists > Portraits > 200-FL-22
http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-130.jpg
http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/index.html#portraits

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/doughtml/timeline.html

http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/d/frederick_douglass/index.html

http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0207.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1539.html

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/doughtml/doughome.html

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASdouglass.htm

http://www.iupui.edu/~douglass/

http://www.history.rochester.edu/class/douglass/home.html

Tennessee passes the first of its "Jim Crow" laws,

segregating the state railroad.

Other states follow the lead and legalize segregation        1881

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1874.html

Abolitionists        Henry Wadsworth Longfellow        1807-1882

Longfellow, a passionately private man,

was, just as passionately and privately, an abolitionist.

His best friend was Charles Sumner, for whom he wrote, in 1842,

a slim volume called “Poems on Slavery.”

Sumner, a brash and aggressive politician,

delivered stirring speeches attacking slave owners;

Longfellow, a gentler soul,

wrote verses mourning the plight of slaves,

poems “so mild,” he wrote,

“that even a slaveholder might read them

without losing his appetite for breakfast.”

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/opinion/19Lepore.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/opinion/19Lepore.html

Abolitionists        Charles Sumner        1811-1874

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/19/opinion/19Lepore.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner

The Ku Klux Klan Act is passed,

giving the federal government the right to mete out punishment

where civil rights laws are not upheld

and to use military force against anti-civil rights conspiracies        1871

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1871.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/grant-kkk/

The Fifteenth Amendment

extends the right to vote to former male slaves        1870

Section. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote

shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State

on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Section. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
 

http://archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters_of_freedom_13.html

http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/15thamendment.html

http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment15/

Tennessee

is the first of many Southern states

to establish an all white, Democratic "Redeemer" government sympathetic

to the cause of the former Confederacy and against racial equality        1869

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1869.html

The Ku Klux Klan is founded in Tennessee        1866

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1866.html

Two African Americans

sit in the Massachusetts Legislature.

It is the first time black representatives

have participated in this branch of American government        1866

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1866.html

The thirteenth amendment to the U.S. Constitution

abolishes slavery throughout the country        1865

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1865.html

http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html

http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&doc=40

Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation,

freeing all slaves in areas of rebellion        1863

Lincoln puts forth a reconstruction plan offering amnesty

to white Southerners who take loyalty oaths and accept the abolition of slavery.

State government can be formed in those states

where at least 10 percent of voters comply with these terms.

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1863.html

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1863.html

Congress abolishes slavery in Washington, D.C., and the territories        1862

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1862.html

A Map of American Slavery        1861

One of the most important maps of the Civil War

was also one of the most visually striking:

the United States Coast Survey’s map of the slaveholding states,

which clearly illustrates the varying concentrations of slaves across the South.

Abraham Lincoln loved the map and consulted it often;

it even appears in a famous 1864 painting of the president and his cabinet.

http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/opinion/FULLFRAMEmap.pdf

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/12/10/opinion/20101210_Disunion_SlaveryMap.html

Abraham Lincoln is elected to the presidency        1860

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1860.html

Abolitionists        John Brown        1800-1859

On October 16, 1859,

John Brown led 21 men on a raid of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.

His plan to arm slaves with the weapons he and his men seized from the arsenal

was thwarted by local farmers, militiamen, and Marines led by Robert E. Lee.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1550.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/28/arts/design/28brown.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1550.html

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart3b.html

The U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sanford

denies citizenship to all slaves, ex-slaves, and descendants of slaves

and denies Congress the right to prohibit slavery in the territories        1857

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1857.html
 

The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart3b.html

The Compromise of 1850

admits California to the Union as a free state,

allows the slave states of New Mexico and Utah

to be decided by popular sovereignty, and bans slave trade in D.C.        1850

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1850.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2951.html

Anti-slavery groups organize the Free Soil Party,

a group opposed to the westward expansion of slavery

from which the Republican Party will later be born        1848

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1848.html

In the case of Prigg v. Pennsylvania,

the U.S. Supreme Court rules

that the 1793 Fugitive Slave law is constitutional,

while state personal liberty laws make unconstitutional demands on slave owners.

Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave law

is declared the federal government's responsibility, not the states'        1842

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1842.html

New York City

hosts the first National Anti-Slavery Society Convention        1837

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1837.html

Nat Turner,

an enslaved Baptist preacher believing himself divinely inspired,

leads a violent rebellion in Southampton, Virginia.

At least 57 whites are killed        1831

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1831.html

http://international.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart1.html

In Boston, Massachusetts,

David Walker

publishes his widely read vociferous condemnation of slavery,

AN APPEAL TO THE COLORED CITIZENS OF THE WORLD        1829

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1829.html

http://international.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart1.html

Missouri Compromise        1820

In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress

between slave and free states,

the Missouri Compromise was passed in 1820

admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

Furthermore, with the exception of Missouri,

this law prohibited slavery

in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36° 30´ latitude line.

In 1854, the Missouri Compromise was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Three years later the Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional

by the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision,

which ruled that Congress did not have the authority

to prohibit slavery in the territories.

http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Missouri.html

http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Missouri.html

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1820.html

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h511.html

The American Colonization Society

is founded to help free blacks resettle in Africa        1817

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1817.html

The U.S. purchases the Louisiana Territory

(the area that later became Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, and Florida)

from the French        1803

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1803.html

Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin,

making cotton production more profitable.

The market value of slaves increases as a result        1793

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1793.html

The U.S. Constitution is officially adopted

by the new nation when New Hampshire becomes the ninth state to ratify it.

The document includes a fugitive slave clause and the "three-fifths" clause

by which each slave is considered three-fifths of a person

for the purposes of congressional representation and tax apportionment        1788

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1788.html

The Northwest Ordinance forbids slavery,

except as criminal punishment,

in the Northwest Territory

(later Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin).

Residents of the territory are required to return fugitive slaves        1787

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1787.html

Slaves in Stono, South Carolina,

rebel, sacking and burning an armory and killing whites.

The colonial militia puts an end to the rebellion

before slaves are able to reach freedom in Florida        1739

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1739.html

Mum Bett and another Massachusetts slave

successfully sue their master for freedom        1781

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1781.html

In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,

members of the Continental Congress

sign the Declaration of Independence        1776

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1776.html

The first separate black church

in America is founded in South Carolina        1773

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1773.html

The Spanish reverse a 1730 decision

and declare that slaves fleeing

to Florida from Carolina will not be sold or returned        1731

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1731.html

An alleged slave revolt in New York City

leads to violent outbreaks.

Nine whites are killed and eighteen slaves are executed        1712

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1712.html

Virginia Slave Code        1705

The Virginia Slave Code codifies slave status,

declaring all non-Christian servants entering the colony to be slaves.

It defines all slaves as real estate, acquits masters who kill slaves during punishment,

forbids slaves and free colored peoples from physically assaulting white persons,

and denies slaves the right to bear arms or move abroad without written permission.

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1705.html

Rice cultivation is introduced into Carolina.

Slave importation increases dramatically        1694

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1694.html

Bacon's Rebellion        1671

In Virginia,

black slaves and black and white indentured servants

band together to participate in Bacon's Rebellion

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1676.html

Virginia enacts a law of hereditary slavery

meaning that a child born to an enslaved mother inherits her slave status        1662

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1662.html

Massachusetts is the first colony to legalize slavery        1641

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1641.html

At Jamestown, Virginia,

approximately 20 captive Africans

are sold into slavery in the British North American colonies        1619

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/1619.html
 

Related

Anglonautes > History > USA > 1950s - 1960s > Civil Rights

Anglonautes > History > USA > 19th century > Civil war (1861-1865)

Anglonautes > History > USA > 19th century > Slavery

Anglonautes > History > USA > 19th century > Civil war (1861-1865)

Anglonautes > History > USA > 18th / 19th century

Anglonautes > History > United Kingdom > Slavery

Anglonautes > Vocabulary > USA > Racism

Anglonautes > Vocabulary > USA > Slavery

Slavery and the Making of America > Timeline
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/timeline/index.html

Library of Congress > The African American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship
http://international.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aointro.html

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