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History > 20th century > Cold War / Холо́дная война́ late 1940s-1980s USA, USSR, Cuba, Chile, Nicaragua, Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Korea, Vietnam
Peter Fechter is held by East German border guards, prior to being pronounced dead Aug. 17, 1962. Fechter was shot by East German guards as he tried to make it over the wall.
Boston Globe > Big Picture > Remembering the
Berlin Wall August 17, 2011
Germany Remembering the Berlin Wall Photographs August 17, 2011
http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2011/08/remembering_the_divide.html
Germany Berlin wall 20 years later 2009
Berlin wall 20 years on: In the first of five films, Berliners describe how their city was divided by the wall and how a few risked their lives to escape from east to west
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2009/oct/20/berlinwall-germany http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/nov/09/berlin-wall-anniversary-celebrations http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/interactive/2009/oct/23/berlin-wall-history-guide http://www.guardian.co.uk/berlin-wall-20-years-on http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2009/oct/19/building-berlin-wall http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2009/oct/20/berlin-wall-episode-2 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/berlinwall http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/subjects/b/berlin_wall/index.html http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/world/europe/09berlin.html http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/opinion/09zizek.html
Boris Nikolyaevich Yeltsin / Борис Николаевич Ельцин 1931-2007
Russia Soviet politician Boris Yeltsin in office w. pic of Lenin on wall. Location: Moscow, Russia Date taken: February 1989
Photographer: Ted Thai
Life Images
http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/y/boris_n_yeltsin/index.html http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/23/world/europe/23iht-yeltsin.5.5408683.html http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/23/world/europe/23cnd-yeltsin.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/apr/23/russia.guardianobituaries http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/38422.stm
USA Barry Morris Goldwater 1909-1998
Senator Barry Goldwater Date taken: 1961
Photographer: Joe Scherschel
Life Images
http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/g/barry_m_goldwater/index.html http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/30/us/barry-goldwater-is-dead-at-89-conservatives-standardbearer.html http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwater30.htm
US and Russia halve nuclear warheads 3 January 1993
The United States of America and the Russian Federation agree to cut the number of nuclear warheads they have by between 3,000 and 3,500.
US President George Bush, who leaves office this month, and his Russian counterpart Boris Yeltsin,
sign the second
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty - Start II - in Moscow.
Currently each side has about 10,000 warheads
and Start II marks
the biggest reduction ever agreed.
In addition, sea-based weapons will be cut to 1,750 each
and all land-based
multiple-warhead missiles will be eliminated. "for parents and children, a future free from fear", and Mr Yeltsin called it "a treaty of hope". http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/3/newsid_4114000/4114673.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/3/newsid_4114000/4114673.stm
Poland Soviet troops start to leave Poland 1992
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
Gorbachev resigns as Soviet Union breaks up 25 December 1991
Mikhail Gorbachev, leader of the Soviet Union for almost seven years and executive president for nearly two, steps down from office. He announces his resignation in a 10 minute speech, broadcast live on television, as the Soviet Union passes into history, replaced by the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/25/newsid_2542000/2542749.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/25/newsid_2542000/2542749.stm http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/25/world/europe/25yanayev.html http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/g/mikhail_s_gorbachev/index.html
1991 coup attempt against Mikhail Gorbachev - in pictures The failed coup against the former Soviet president precipitated the dissolution of the USSR in December of the same year
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2011/aug/16/russia?intcmp=122
Poland Walesa elected president of Poland 1990 Market reforms, including large-scale privatisation, are launched.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
Romania's 'first couple' executed 25 December 1989
Deposed Romanian president Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife Elena are shot by a firing squad after a secret military tribunal find them both guilty of crimes against the state. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/25/newsid_2542000/2542623.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/25/newsid_2542000/2542623.stm
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov / Андре́й Дми́триевич Са́харов 1921-1989
Andrei Sakharov was one of Russia's top nuclear physicists. (...) In 1979, when the Soviet Union intervened in the civil war in Afghanistan, Sakharov spoke out strongly against this action.
In January, 1980, he was arrested on the street, informed that by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet he had been deprived of the title of Hero of Socialist Labour and all other awards and honours, and was put on a special flight to exile in Gorky (now called Nizhni Novgorod), a city which at that time was closed to foreigners. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A715600
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A715600 http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0521.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jun/19/yelena-bonner-russian-activist-dies http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/06/19/us/AP-US-Obit-Bonner.html
Berliners celebrate the fall of the Wall 9 November 1989
The 28-mile (45 km) barrier dividing Germany's capital was built in 1961 to prevent East Berliners fleeing to the West. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/november/9/newsid_3241000/3241641.stm
http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2009/11/06/world/08berlinwallgrfxB-ready.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/world/europe/09iht-wall.html http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/11/09/world/europe/20091109-berlinwallthennow.html http://video.nytimes.com/video/2009/11/02/opinion/1247465491747/the-man-who-opened-the-gate.html http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/11/09/world/europe/20091109-berlin-wall-reader-photos.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/9/newsid_2515000/2515869.stm http://www.guardian.co.uk/wall/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1URzkk-oa28 http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-181898405138602708 http://www.dieberlinermauer.de/berlinwallhome1024/berlinwallhome1024.html http://www.archives.gov/presidential-libraries/events/german-reunification/exhibit.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/november/9/newsid_3241000/3241641.stm
United Kingdom Harold Adrian Russell Philby / Kim Philby 1912-1988
Double agent whose betrayal of his country and his social class indelibly marked British politics. (...) Mr. Philby fled to the Soviet Union in 1963, when his involvement in a Soviet spy ring was about to be revealed.
Twelve years earlier, in 1951, Mr. Philby's warning had allowed two fellow spies, Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean, to flee to Moscow just before British counterintelligence was to interrogate them. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/12/obituaries/kim-philby-double-agent-dies.html
http://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/12/obituaries/kim-philby-double-agent-dies.html
The Pershing-II and SS-20 nuclear missiles are banned by the Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, signed by the United States and the Soviet Union in December 1987.
The INF Treaty is a milestone in the effort to control nuclear arms. It is the first international agreement to eliminate an entire class of nuclear weapons --those having a range of 500-5,500 kilometers (300-3,400 miles). The U.S. Pershing-II and the Soviet SS-20 were regarded as the most threatening missiles in this class. http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/inf.html
http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/inf.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/22/newsid_2489000/2489209.stm
President Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) visits Berlin and urges Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the wall June 12 1987
Reagan's Berlin address.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjWDrTXMgF8 http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1987/061287d.htm http://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/13/world/raze-berlin-wall-reagan-urges-soviet.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/gall/0,,1233194,00.html
Reykjavik summit ends in failure 12 October 1986
US President Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev failed to reach agreement at a disarmament summit in Reykjavik. The two men came close to striking a radical arms reduction deal after a weekend of lengthy negotiations at Hofdi House in the Icelandic capital. But the talks finally stalled over President Reagan's refusal to abandon his Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI). http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_3732000/3732902.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_3732000/3732902.stm
Nicaragua / USA US guilty of backing Contras 27 June 1986
The United States is found guilty of violating international law by supporting armed Contra rebels in Nicaragua. The International Court of Justice rules that the US should compensate the country,
although it has
not yet fixed an amount. and says it will ignore the verdict of the United Nations court. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/27/newsid_2520000/2520169.stm
Time Covers -The 80S TIME cover 03-31-1986 ill. of Daniel Ortega. Date taken: March 31, 1986
Photographer: Paul Davis
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/27/newsid_2520000/2520169.stm
USSR Soviets admit nuclear accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine 28 April 1986
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/28/newsid_2500000/2500975.stm
USA / USSR Superpowers aim for 'safer world' 21 November 1985
The Geneva summit ends in optimism but with no agreement on the "Star Wars" space defence system.
Both United States President Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev spoke of the world being a "safer place" at the end of their two-day meeting in Switzerland.
The two men broke with convention and met together without advisers in discussions President Reagan dubbed the "fireside summit".
The negotiations resulted in the Geneva Accord,
which commits
the two countries to: - working towards the abolition of chemical weapons - a new commitment to human rights http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/21/newsid_2549000/2549897.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/21/newsid_2549000/2549897.stm
Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev becomes Soviet leader 11 March 1985
Mikhail Gorbachev takes over following the death of Konstantin Chernenko.
Time Covers -The 80S TIME cover 07-27-1987 painting of Russian leader Mikhail Gorbachev; inset John Poindexter by Dennis Brack. Date taken: July 27, 1987
Photographer: Skip Liepke
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/11/newsid_2538000/2538327.stm
Nicaragua Sandinistas claim election victory 5 November 1984
Nicaragua's ruling Sandinista Front (FSLN) claim a decisive victory in the country's first elections since the revolution five years ago. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/5/newsid_2538000/2538379.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/5/newsid_2538000/2538379.stm http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/02/world/americas/tomas-borge-martinez-dies-at-81.html
USA Reagan (1981-1989) launches Cold War into space 23 March 1983
President Reagan unveils plans to combat nuclear war in space. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) proposes a defensive shield, using laser or particle beam technology to "intercept and destroy" incoming missiles as they travel through the stars.
Defense analysts described it as the first major attempt to move away from the 30 year-old Cold War strategy of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) - where the threat of nuclear attack acts as a deterrent. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/23/newsid_2794000/2794525.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/23/newsid_2794000/2794525.stm
Poland Martial law lifted 1983
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
USA
President
Ronald Wilson Reagan (1981-1989) takes office
January 20, 1981
[ Anglonautes: Nancy Reagan (M) with husband Ronald Reagan (R) ] Anti-Communist Rally In Hollywood Bowl Date taken: 1961
Photographer: Ralph Crane Life Images
http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ronaldreagan http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/reagan_ronald_w.shtml http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/r/ronald_wilson_reagan/index.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/ronald-reagan http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2004/jun/07/guardianobituaries.past http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A04E0DA1131F935A35755C0A9629C8B63 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2010/oct/21/british-pathe-archive-ronald-reagan-video
Poland Martial law imposed 1981
Many of Solidarity's leaders, including Walesa, are imprisoned. Wojciech Jaruzelski - Poland's last communist leader
Time Covers -The 80S TIME Cover: 12-28-1981 of Polish General Jaruzelski. Photo Credit: Rudi Frey. Date taken: December 28, 1981
Photographer: Rudi Frey Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1332541.stm
Poland Disturbances at the shipyard in Gdansk lead to the emergence of the Solidarity trade union under Lech Walesa 1980
Time Covers -The 80S TIME cover 12-29-1980 ill of Poland's Solidarity leader, Lech Walesa. Date taken: December 29, 1980
Photographer: Leslie Cabarga Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
Yugoslavia Marshal Josip Broz Tito 1892-1980
For 35 years, Josip Broz Tito held Yugoslavia together despite its mix of nationalities, languages and religions. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8636034.stm
Tito Date taken: 1960
Photographer: Robert W Kelley Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8636034.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/16/newsid_2808000/2808379.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/yugoslavia_01.shtml http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/t/josip_broz_tito/index.html
Afghanistan Afghan leader defends Soviet invasion 3 January 1980
President Carter announces further US sanctions against the USSR including a reduction of Soviet embassy staff and restricted landing rights for the Russian airline 'Aeroflot'.
Mr Carter also imposes an embargo on grain sales to the USSR that will see US exports fall from 25 million to eight million tonnes.
The President described the Soviet incursions into Afghanistan as "an extremely serious threat to peace" and "a callous violation of international law and the United Nations charter."
He warned that "A Soviet occupied Afghanistan threatens both Iran and Pakistan and is a stepping stone to possible control over much of the world's oil supplies." http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/3/newsid_2492000/2492329.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/3/newsid_2492000/2492329.stm
Nicaragua
Sandinista rebels take Nicaraguan capital
17 July 1979 Fighters of the left-wing Sandinista National Liberation Front overthrow the regime in the central American republic of Nicaragua and take the capital, Managua. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/17/newsid_3870000/3870281.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/17/newsid_3870000/3870281.stm
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II (SALT II) 1972-1979
The second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, which opened in November 1972, aimed to replace the five-year Interim Agreement with a more comprehensive long-term treaty to limit the number and types of nuclear missiles.
The two sides remained far apart in the negotiations until a summit between American President Gerald Ford and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev in 1974 in Vladivostok during which the parties reached a basic framework for an agreement.
But, despite the framework, negotiations bogged down over the limitations on American cruise missiles and the Soviet "Backfire"-class bombers.
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/military/proliferation/treaties.html
President Ford and Soviet General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev / Леони́д Ильи́ч Бре́жнев sign a joint communiqué following talks on the limitation of strategic offensive arms.
The document was signed in the conference hall of the Okeansky Sanatorium, Vladivostok, USSR. November 24, 1974 http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/images/avproj/pop-ups/A2092-03A.html
Image: A2092-03A sign a joint communiqué following talks on the limitation of strategic offensive arms.
The document was signed in the conference hall of the Okeansky
Sanatorium, Vladivostok, USSR.
Credit: Courtesy Gerald R. Ford Library
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/military/proliferation/treaties.html
USSR Russian author charged with treason 14 February 1974
The Soviet authorities formally charge Russian writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1918-2008) with treason one day after expelling him from the country. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/14/newsid_2541000/2541129.stm
Time Covers - The 70S TIME cover 02-25-1974 Soviet dissident writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Date taken: February 25, 1974
Photographer: Chris Bennett
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/14/newsid_2541000/2541129.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2276650.stm http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/04/books/04solzhenitsyn.html http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/s/aleksandr_solzhenitsyn/index.html
Chile General Augusto Pinochet ousts Salvador Allende (1908-1973) in CIA-sponsored coup and proceeds to establish a brutal dictatorship 11 September 1973 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1222905.stm
Time Covers - The 70S Time cover 09-24-1973 of deposed President of Chile Salvador Allende. Date taken: September 24, 1973
Photographer: Carl Roodman
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1222905.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A716591 http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/chile.shtml http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/sep/10/chile.jonathanfranklin http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,,305870,00.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/1973/sep/12/chile.fromthearchive1
Poland enjoys relative economic prosperity based on foreign loans 1970s
Successive US presidents Nixon, Ford and Carter visit Poland. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
Poland Food price riots in Gdansk 1970
The protests are suppressed, hundreds are killed. Edward Gierek becomes party leader. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
Chile Salvador Allende (1908-1973) becomes world's first democratically elected Marxist president and embarks on an extensive programme of nationalisation and radical social reform 1970 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1222905.stm
Time cover: 10-19-1970 of Salvador Allende, cover art by Bob Peak. (Dupe filed with TC 191741E - #712347) Date taken: August 18, 2003
Photographer: Bob Peak
Life Images
President Allende Of Chile - Santiago Chile
Photographer: Michael Mauney
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1222905.stm
USA Man takes first steps on the Moon 20 July 1969 American Neil Armstrong becomes the first man to walk on the Moon http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/21/newsid_2635000/2635845.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/21/newsid_2635000/2635845.stm Anglonautes > USA > 20th century > Man on the moon (20 July 1969)
USA First astronauts orbit Moon 24 December 1968
The Apollo 8 spacecraft takes its crew of three astronauts safely into orbit around the Moon, the first manned space mission to achieve the feat. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/24/newsid_4083000/4083587.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/24/newsid_4083000/4083587.stm
Czechoslovakia Prague
Soviet tanks crush Prague's nascent 'socialism with a human face' 21 August 1968
Prague Lone car passing dozens of Russian tanks during Russian invasion of Czechoslovakia during "Prague Spring." Location: Prague, Czech Republic Date taken: 1968
Photographer: Bill Ray
Life Images
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/aug/17/1968theyearofrevolt.russia http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/21/newsid_2781000/2781867.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1844842.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir2/czechoslovakia1968rev1.shtml
USA Three astronauts die in Apollo 1 tragedy 27 June 1967
Three American astronauts die after fire swept through the Apollo spacecraft designed for a manned flight to the Moon during rehearsals at Cape Kennedy. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/27/newsid_3392000/3392419.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/27/newsid_3392000/3392419.stm
Stalin's daughter defects to the West 9 March 1967
The daughter of the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin requests political asylum at the United States Embassy in India. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/9/newsid_2801000/2801709.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/9/newsid_2801000/2801709.stm
USA Millions watch space probe crash into Moon 24 March 1965
A ground-breaking 15-minute live broadcast shows ordinary Americans what it feels like to be a space probe hurtling to destruction on the Moon. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/24/newsid_4063000/4063187.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/24/newsid_4063000/4063187.stm
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917 - November 22,1963)
West Germany John Kennedy's "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech West Berlin, 26 June 1963
Kennedy Visit To Germany [ Standing in car from L to R: John F. Kennedy and Konrad Adenauer - 1963 ]
Photographer: John Dominis
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3022166.stm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XjHcNhcahv4&feature=related
Konrad Adenauer 1876-1967
Adenauer was West Germany's first chancellor and a key figure in rebuilding the country after World War Two. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/adenauer_konrad.shtml
Kennedy Visit To Germany [ Konrad Adenauer - 1963 ]
Photographer: John Dominis
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3022166.stm
USSR Soviets launch first woman into space 16 June 1963
A former textile worker from the Soviet Union becomes the first woman in space. Lieutenant Valentina Tereshkova, 26, is the fifth Russian cosmonaut to go into the Earth's orbit when her spaceship Vostok VI is launched at 1230 Moscow time. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/newsid_2685000/2685283.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/newsid_2685000/2685283.stm
The United States and the Soviet Union exchange prisoners 1962
http://www.guardian.co.uk/fromthearchive/story/0,12269,1144836,00.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/newsid_2731000/2731827.stm
USA 'Music of spheres' hails Venus fly-by 14 December 1962
The unmanned US spacecraft, Mariner 2, takes the first-ever scan from space of the planet Venus http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/14/newsid_4061000/4061955.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/14/newsid_4061000/4061955.stm
United States / Cuba > Missile Crisis October 1962
George Whelan Anderson, Jr. 1906-1992
Time Covers - The 60S TIME cover 11-02-1962 of US Navy Admiral George Anderson. Date taken: November 02, 1962
Photographer: Boris Chaliapin
Life Images
Related > NYT obituary
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/oct/15/cuban-missile-crisis-russian-roulette http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN1922589220080219 http://www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference/military/cuban-missile-crisis.html http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2011/04/cuba_looks_back_-_and_forward.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2002/oct/14/netnotes.cuba http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/spiesfly/brugioni.html http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/19/home/missile.html http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/19/home/crisis-review.html http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1022.html http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/22/us/adm-george-w-anderson-85-was-in-charge-of-cuba-blockade.html
USA First US rocket lands on Moon 26 April 1962
The American Moon rocket Ranger IV lands on the far side of the moon but fails to send back pictures due to a technical fault. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/26/newsid_2950000/2950011.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/26/newsid_2950000/2950011.stm
USA US spaceman orbits Earth 20 February 1962
The first American to orbit the Earth lands safely in the Atlantic Ocean. Marine Lieutenant John Glenn, 40, travelled about 81,000 miles (more than 130,000km) as he circled the globe three times at more than 17,000 mph (27,000kph) http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/20/newsid_2552000/2552161.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/20/newsid_2552000/2552161.stm
USSR Russia frees US spy plane pilot 10 February 1962
American spy plane pilot Francis Gary Powers is freed from prison in the Soviet Union in exchange for a Russian spy jailed in the US. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/newsid_2731000/2731827.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/newsid_2731000/2731827.stm
United States / Cuba U.S. imposes full economic embargo February 7, 1962
http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN1922589220080219
USA / Cuba Bay of Pigs Invasion Missile crisis 1961-1962
Castro directs troops in defeat of invasion attempt by U.S.-backed Cuban exiles at Bay of Pigs April 19, 1961 http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN1922589220080219
(L-R) Pres. Kennedy talking w. former Pres. Eisenhower re: Cuban Missile Crisis; at Camp David. Location: Camp David, MD, US Date taken: April 1961
Photographer: Ed Clark
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4925262.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/17/newsid_3394000/3394067.stm http://www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference/military/cuban-missile-crisis.html http://www.foia.cia.gov/bay_of_pigs.asp http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDbayofpigs.htm http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDcubanmissile.htm http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/forrel/cuba/cubamenu.htm http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/colc.html http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1962-cuba-un1.html http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/10/
World condemns Russia's nuclear test 30 October 1961
Russia explodes the world's largest ever nuclear device provoking widespread condemnation from around the world. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/30/newsid_3666000/3666785.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/30/newsid_3666000/3666785.stm
For 16 hours from the 27 to 28 October 1961, US and Soviet tanks faced each other in divided Berlin and the two superpowers came closer to kicking off a third world war than in any other cold-war confrontation, bar the Cuban missile crisis a year later. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/24/berlin-crisis-standoff-checkpoint-charlie
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/19/us/steuart-pittman-head-of-fallout-shelter-program-dies-at-93.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/24/berlin-crisis-standoff-checkpoint-charlie
Berliners wake to divided city Berlin wall 13 August 1961
The border between East and West Berlin is closed. Soldiers start to build the wall. What starts as barbed wire and light fencing builds up over the years into a complex series of wall, fortified fences, gun positions and watchtowers heavily guarded and patrolled.
More than 200 people die in the years that followed trying to cross the wall. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1484769.stm
Time Covers - The 60S TIME cover 08-31-1962 The Berlin Wall. Date taken: August 31, 1962
Photographer: Boris Artzybasheff Life Images
Berlin Wall Young girl gazing pensively through the pane of her apartment window which grimly reflects the image of barbed wire fencing that tops the nearby Berlin wall. Location: West Berlin, Germany Date taken: December 1962
Photographer: Paul Schutzer Life Images
Berlin Wall Young boy & girl playing soccer next to the Berlin wall. Location: West Berlin, Germany Date taken: December 1962
Photographer: Paul Schutzer Life Images
West Berlin citizens crowding against nascent Berlin Wall while lone guared ignores them on the other side of the barrier in the Russian controlled sector of the city. Location: Berlin, Germany Date taken: 1961
Photographer: Paul Schutzer Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/13/newsid_3054000/3054060.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1484769.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/berlinwall/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/highlights/010815_berlinwall.shtml http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/16/escape-from-east-berlin http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/oct/27/berlin-wall-short-history http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/berlinwall
Street barricade on street leading into the Soviet zone. Location: West Berlin, Germany Date taken: May 1952
Photographer: Carl Mydans
Life Images
USSR Russian cosmonaut spends day in space 6 August 1961
The USSR launches its second cosmonaut into space just four months after Yuri Gagarin made his historic venture http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/6/newsid_2944000/2944638.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/6/newsid_2944000/2944638.stm
USA Kennedy pledges man on Moon 25 May 1961
President John F Kennedy calls for millions of dollars to fund a space programme to get the first man on the Moon by 1970 http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/25/newsid_4369000/4369187.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/25/newsid_4369000/4369187.stm
Shepard becomes first US astronaut 5 May 1961
Commander Alan Shepard is recovered from his space capsule in the Atlantic after becoming the first American in space http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/5/newsid_2504000/2504317.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/5/newsid_2504000/2504317.stm
USSR Soviets win space race 12 April 1961
The Soviet Union beats the USA in the race to get the first man into space At just after 0700BST, Major Yuri Alexeyevich Gagarin is fired from the Baikonur launch pad in Kazakhstan, Soviet central Asia,
in the space craft Vostok (East). http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/12/newsid_2477000/2477715.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/12/newsid_2477000/2477715.stm
U.S. breaks diplomatic ties with Havana January 3, 1961
http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN1922589220080219
Berlin 1961
Kennedy, Khrushchev and the most dangerous place on Earth
http://www.reuters.com/video/2011/05/13/berlin-1961-kennedy-khrushchev-and-the-m?videoId=210782253 http://blogs.reuters.com/berlin1961/2011/05/05/reliving-the-cold-wars-tensest-moment/ http://blogs.reuters.com/berlin1961/2011/05/18/a-bumper-crop-of-soviet-humor/ http://blogs.reuters.com/berlin1961/2011/05/19/acheson-fills-a-kennedy-power-vacuum/ http://blogs.reuters.com/berlin1961/2011/05/16/the-snubbed-soviet-strikes-back/ http://blogs.reuters.com/berlin1961/2011/05/05/the-characters-who-clashed-in-berlin-1961/ http://blogs.reuters.com/berlin1961/2011/05/06/how-misreading-khrushchev-led-to-confrontation/ http://blogs.reuters.com/berlin1961/2011/05/08/the-legacy-of-soviet-rape-in-germany/
UN Khrushchev anger erupts at UN 29 September 1960
The Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev disrupts a meeting of the United Nations General Assembly with several angry outbursts http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/29/newsid_3087000/3087171.stm
Anti-communist pickets during the UN General Assembly meeting being attended by Soviet Prime Minister Nikita S. Khrushchev. Location: New York, NY, US Date taken: September 1960
Photographer: Al Fenn
Life Images
Anti-communist pickets during the UN General Assembly meeting being attended by Soviet Prime Minister Nikita S. Khrushchev. Location: New York, NY, US Date taken: September 1960
Photographer: Al Fenn
Life Images
Anti-communist poster and pickets during United Nation General Assembly meeting. Location: New York, NY, US Date taken: September 1960
Photographer: Ralph Crane
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/29/newsid_3087000/3087171.stm
Moscow jails American U-2 spy pilot 19 August 1960
The United States pilot, Francis Gary Powers, is sentenced to 10 years in prison by a Soviet military court http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/19/newsid_2962000/2962600.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/19/newsid_2962000/2962600.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2001/military_fact_files/support_u2s.stm
The U2 Incident
An American U-2 spy plane is shot down over the Soviet Union May 1, 1960
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/34_eisenhower/psources/ps_u2.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/spiesfly/brugioni.html http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4653988 http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0210.html http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/03/21/business/0321-PLANE_3.html
USA Cold war Anti-Communism rallies 1960s
Anti-Communist Rally In Hollywood Bowl Date taken: 1961
Photographer: Ralph Crane
Life Images
An anti-Communism rally. Location: Miami, FL, US Date taken: March 1961
Photographer: Michael Rougier
Life Images
1959 American exhibition in Moscow
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev US Vice-President Richard Nixon Kitchen debate 24 July 1959
Nixon/Khrushchev Kitchen Debate Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev (2L) vehemently arguing w. VP Richard Nixon (2R) who is furiously objecting as an excited interpreter (C) translates their firey words re US ideas on home construction during "kitchen debate" at American Natl. Exhibit at Moscow Fair Location: Russia Date taken: July 25, 1959
Photographer: Howard Sochurek
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/24/newsid_2779000/2779551.stm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3G5I9h6CFaM http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101430375 http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/23/opinion/23thu4.html
Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev / Никита Сергеевич Хрущёв 1894-1971
Time Covers - The 60S TIME cover 09-08-1961 Russian Premier Nikita Khrushchev by Carl Mydans; fireball by J. R. Eyerman. Date taken: September 08, 1961 Life Images
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/khrushchev_nikita.shtml http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/k/nikita_s_khrushchev/index.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/greatspeeches/khrushchev/0,,2060103,00.html
John Foster Dulles 1888-1959 U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959
John Foster Dulles Date taken: April 04, 1950
Photographer: Alfred Eisenstaedt
Life Images
http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0225.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/29/newsid_2514000/2514607.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/2/newsid_3760000/3760378.stm
USSR World glimpses far side of the Moon 26 October 1959
The Soviet Union has revealed the first pictures of the far side of the Moon. The pictures were taken about three weeks ago from Lunik 3, the Soviet satellite launched on 4 October, and transmitted by radio to the Earth, 300,000 miles (483,000 km) away. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/26/newsid_4045000/4045913.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/26/newsid_4045000/4045913.stm
USSR Soviets launch rocket at the Moon 12 September 1959
A massive Russian rocket, carrying 860lb (391kg) of scientific instruments, is successfully launched at the Moon. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/12/newsid_3054000/3054080.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/12/newsid_3054000/3054080.stm
USA Monkeys survive space mission 28 May 1959
Two monkeys become the first living creatures to survive a space flight http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/28/newsid_3725000/3725961.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/28/newsid_3725000/3725961.stm
USA Monkey lost after space flight 13 December 1958
The search for a small bushy-tailed monkey fired into space in the nose cone of a Jupiter rocket is called off. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/13/newsid_3240000/3240133.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/13/newsid_3240000/3240133.stm
USA anti-Communist witch hunts Joseph R. McCarthy 1908-1957
USSR Russians launch dog into space 3 November 1957
The Soviet Union launches the first ever living creature into the cosmos http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/3/newsid_3191000/3191083.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/3/newsid_3191000/3191083.stm
USSR Sputnik satellite blasts into space 4 October 1957
A Russian satellite is launched into space - the first man-made object ever to leave the Earth's atmosphere http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/4/newsid_2685000/2685115.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/4/newsid_2685000/2685115.stm
Hungary Soviet troops overrun Hungary 4 November 1956
Picket lines at Russian legation with signs and pictures about Russian tyranny at Budapest re Hungarian Revolution. Location: New York, NY, US Date taken: November 1956
Photographer: Walter Sanders
Life Images
Russian tanks on the streets of Budapest. Location: Budapest, Hungary Date taken: November 1956
Photographer: Michael Rougier
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/4/newsid_2739000/2739039.stm
Fighting spreads in Hungary revolution 26 October 1956
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/26/newsid_3200000/3200703.stm http://images.google.com/hosted/life/d01973411a2cbaed.html
Hungarians rise up against Soviet rule 23 October 1956
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/23/newsid_3140000/3140400.stm
Truman rejects anti-Stalin talk 18 June 1956
The former President of the United States, Harry Truman, shruggs off suggestions Moscow may be about to reject its Stalinist past http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/18/newsid_3048000/3048197.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/18/newsid_3048000/3048197.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/truman_01.shtml
Khrushchev lashes out at Stalin 25 February 1956
The Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, denounces Joseph Stalin as a brutal despot http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/25/newsid_2703000/2703581.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/25/newsid_2703000/2703581.stm
Poland More than 50 people killed in rioting in Poznan 1956 over demands for greater freedom. Liberal Communist leader Wladislaw Gomulka takes over. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
West Germany joins Nato; East Germany joins the Warsaw Pact 1955
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1053880.stm
Communist states sign Warsaw Pact 14 May 1955
The Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies sign a security pact in the Polish capital, Warsaw, after a three-day conference http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/14/newsid_3771000/3771065.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/14/newsid_3771000/3771065.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
USA Pacific ocean US tests hydrogen bomb in Bikini 1 March 1954
The US produces the biggest ever man-made explosion so far in the Pacific archipelago of Bikini, part of the Marshall Islands. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/1/newsid_2781000/2781419.stm
Time Covers - The 50S TIME cover 04-12-1954 mushroom cloud from 1952 American H-bomb test over the Marshall Islands. Date taken: April 12, 1954
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/1/newsid_2781000/2781419.stm
East Germany Building workers in East Berlin riot over working conditions 1953
The Red Army steps in to suppress the protests
Konrad Adenauer at funeral after East Berlin riots. Location: Germany Date taken: June 1953
Photographer: Ralph Crane
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1484769.stm http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=38765
USA > Cold war
United Kingdom Marshal Tito makes historic visit to London 10 March 1953
Marshal Josef Tito of Yugoslavia arrives in Britain, the first Communist head of state to visit the country. The Duke of Edinburgh, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden greeted him at Westminster at the start of his five-day visit. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/16/newsid_2808000/2808379.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/16/newsid_2808000/2808379.stm
USA Pacific ocean Detonation of the world's first hydrogen bomb 1 November, 1952
US Government scientists in the Marshall Islands pressed the button which would usher in a new age of human history.
The 10.4-megaton blast on the far away Enewetak Atoll was hundreds of times more powerful than the A-bomb explosion at Hiroshima.
Unlike that device which tapped energy by splitting atomic nuclei, the Enewetak weapon forced together nuclei of hydrogen to unleash an even greater destructive force.
Internationally, the test restored at a stroke the US lead in the race for weapons of mass destruction. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2388027.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2388027.stm http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/peopleevents/pandeAMEX63.html
USSR First Soviet atomic bomb 29 August 1949
http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/14/world/soviet-a-bomb-built-from-us-data-russian-says.html http://www.coldwar.org/articles/40s/soviet_atomic_bomb_test.asp http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/08/dayintech_0829
Germany Berlin Soviet blockade Berlin airlift 24 June 1948 - 12 May 1949
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/may/12/berlin-blockade-60th-anniversary http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2008/jun/26/germany.russia?picture=335291007 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/peopleevents/pandeAMEX49.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir2/berlinblockaderev2.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A638976 http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir2/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/03/98/berlin/72088.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/berlinwall/8231.shtml
Germany is divided 1949
The US, French and British zones in the west become the Federal Republic of Germany; the Soviet zone in the east becomes the communist German Democratic Republic. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1053880.stm
The Federal Republic of Germany - West Germany - is founded on 12 May 1949. On the 24 May, the German Democratic Republic - East Germany - is founded. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1484769.stm
East Berlin women waving plaintful greetings to their West Berllin friends across the barbed-wire barricade, which later became the Berlin wall. Location: East Berlin, Germany Date taken: March 1953
Photographer: Ralph Crane Life Images
May Day In Berlin Date taken: May 04, 1953
Photographer: Ralph Crane
Life Images
May Day In Berlin Date taken: May 04, 1953
Photographer: Ralph Crane
Life Images
May Day In Berlin Date taken: May 04, 1953
Photographer: Ralph Crane
Life Images
May Day In Berlin Date taken: May 04, 1953
Photographer: Ralph Crane
Life Images
May Day In Berlin Date taken: May 04, 1953
Photographer: Ralph Crane
Life Images
May Day In Berlin Date taken: May 04, 1953
Photographer: Ralph Crane
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1053880.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1484769.stm
Cold War The Soviet Union and the United States Berlin blockade 1948 U-2 weather planes on a spying mission over the Soviet Union 1960 The Bay of Pigs, Cuban missile crisis 1961-1962
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/03/98/berlin/72088.stm http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/index2.htm http://century.guardian.co.uk/1940-1949/Story/0,6051,105121,00.html http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-coldwar.html http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intro.html http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/colc.html http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/x2jfk.html http://century.guardian.co.uk/year/0,6050,128371,00.html http://century.guardian.co.uk/1960-1969/Story/0,6051,105522,00.html http://century.guardian.co.uk/1960-1969/Story/0,6051,105566,00.html http://century.guardian.co.uk/1960-1969/Story/0,6051,105569,00.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/fromthearchive/story/0,12269,1246268,00.html http://wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.home http://www.archives.gov/research/cold-war/
USSR Joseph Stalin 1879-1953
One of the most powerful and murderous dictators in history, Stalin was the supreme ruler of the Soviet Union for a quarter of a century.
His regime of terror caused the death and suffering of tens of millions, but he also oversaw the war machine that played a key role in the defeat of Nazism.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/stalin_joseph.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/stalin_joseph.shtml http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/5/newsid_2710000/2710127.stm
United Kingdom The Cambridge spies
Donald Maclean (1913 - 1983), Guy Burgess (1911 - 1963), Harold 'Kim' Philby (1912 - 1988) and Anthony Blunt (1907 - 1983) were British members of a KGB spy ring that penetrated the intelligence system of the UK and passed vital information to the Soviets during World War Two and the early stages of the Cold War. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/spies_cambridge.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/spies_cambridge.shtml
Eastern Europe after the second world war
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/11/second-world-war-eastern-europe
Poland Communist rule 1947
Poland becomes a Communist People's Republic after Soviet-run elections, under the Stalinist leadership of Boleslaw Bierut. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
Prague, Czechoslovakia Photos by Walter Sanders December 1947
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/8a63d438331fd5ae.html
British Pathé archive: Ronald Reagan testifies at the House Un-American Activities Committee
Hollywood stars - including future president Ronald Reagan - give testimony before the anti-communist House Un-American Activities Committee in 1947. It was chaired by J Parnell Thomas, who would later be convicted for fraud. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2010/oct/21/british-pathe-archive-ronald-reagan-video
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2010/oct/21/british-pathe-archive-ronald-reagan-video
In July 1946, the United States conducted two atomic tests at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific. The tests, codenamed Able (an atmospheric explosion) and Baker (underwater), were among the very first of the more than 1,000 tests that the U.S. would eventually conduct in Nevada and the South Pacific over the next five decades. http://life.time.com/history/able-and-baker-photos-from-two-american-a-bomb-tests-in-july-1946/#1
http://life.time.com/history/able-and-baker-photos-from-two-american-a-bomb-tests-in-july-1946/#1
The Sinews of Peace / Iron Curtain Speech
by Winston S. Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom at the Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri, USA 5 March 1946
http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C78F8A8F-3DB25E3F/natolive/news_16942.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/churchill_defender_01.shtml
Marshall Josef Tito forms Communist Yugoslavia 1945
He maintained Yugoslavia's independence from the USSR and developed his own form of communism with power decentralised to workers' councils. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/16/newsid_2808000/2808379.stm
Time Covers - The 40S Time cover: 09-16-1946 of Josip Broz Tito. Date taken: September 16, 1946
Life Images
Time Covers - The 40S Time cover: 10-09-1944 of Marshal Tito. Date taken: October 09, 1944
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/16/newsid_2808000/2808379.stm
Germany Potsdam Conference 17 July - 2 August 1945
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1144829.shtml
Yalta conference 11 February 1945 Dividing Germany after the second world war
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/10/second-world-war-germany-yalta http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1144865.shtml
USSR / СССР Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Союз Советских Социалистических Республик
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A832411 http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/25/newsid_2542000/2542749.stm
Related
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Whitehall documents written in 1970s
Dagmar Searchinger 1916-2011
founder of Women Strike for Peace,
Roy Richard Rubottom Jr. 1912-2010
a diplomat who influenced and helped hone United States policy
toward Latin America in the late 1950s,
The National Security Archive / The George Washington University
> The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
Cold War
The global superpower stand-off that brought the world to the
brink of destruction.
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