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Comandante
Ernesto Che Guevara,
in his office
1964-02-11
1092513-R2-E286
Deena Stryker Photographs, 1963-1964 and
undated
http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/stryker.1092513-R2-E286/pg.1/
http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/stryker.1092513-R2-E286/
http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/
Berlin wall 20 years later
Berlin wall 20
years on: In the first of five films,
Berliners
describe how their city was divided by the wall
and how a few
risked their lives to escape from east to west
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2009/oct/20/berlinwall-germany
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/nov/09/berlin-wall-anniversary-celebrations
http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/interactive/2009/oct/23/berlin-wall-history-guide
http://www.guardian.co.uk/berlin-wall-20-years-on
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2009/oct/19/building-berlin-wall
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/video/2009/oct/20/berlin-wall-episode-2
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/berlinwall
http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/subjects/b/berlin_wall/index.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/world/europe/09berlin.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/opinion/09zizek.html
Berliners celebrate the fall of the Wall
9 November 1989
The 28-mile (45
km) barrier dividing Germany's capital
was built in
1961 to prevent East Berliners fleeing to the West.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/november/9/newsid_3241000/3241641.stm

http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2009/11/06/world/08berlinwallgrfxB-ready.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/world/europe/09iht-wall.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/11/09/world/europe/20091109-berlinwallthennow.html
http://video.nytimes.com/video/2009/11/02/opinion/1247465491747/the-man-who-opened-the-gate.html
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/11/09/world/europe/20091109-berlin-wall-reader-photos.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/9/newsid_2515000/2515869.stm
http://www.guardian.co.uk/wall/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1URzkk-oa28
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-181898405138602708
http://www.dieberlinermauer.de/berlinwallhome1024/berlinwallhome1024.html
http://www.archives.gov/presidential-libraries/events/german-reunification/exhibit.html
http://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/12/weekinreview/beyond-the-wall-not-just-one-german-question-but-many.html
http://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/12/world/clamor-east-reunion-west-berlin-for-all-east-west-day-like-no-other.html
http://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/11/world/clamor-east-border-open-joyous-east-germans-pour-through-wall-party-pledges.html
http://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/10/world/clamor-east-east-germany-opens-frontier-west-for-migration-travel-thousands.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/november/9/newsid_3241000/3241641.stm
Poland
Soviet troops start to leave Poland
1992
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
Poland
Walesa elected president of Poland
1990
Market reforms,
including large-scale privatisation, are launched.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
The
Pershing-II and SS-20 nuclear missiles
are banned by the
Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty,
signed by the
United States and the Soviet Union in December 1987.
The INF Treaty is
a milestone in the effort to control nuclear arms.
It is the first
international agreement to eliminate an entire class of nuclear weapons
--those having a
range of 500-5,500 kilometers (300-3,400 miles).
The U.S.
Pershing-II and the Soviet SS-20
were regarded as
the most threatening missiles in this class.
http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/inf.html
http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/inf.html
http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19910037000
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/22/newsid_2489000/2489209.stm
President
Ronald
Reagan visits Berlin
and urges Soviet
leader Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the wall
June 12 1987
Reagan's Berlin address.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjWDrTXMgF8&feature=related
copy 30 September 2010.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjWDrTXMgF8
http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1987/061287d.htm
http://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/13/world/raze-berlin-wall-reagan-urges-soviet.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/gall/0,,1233194,00.html
Reykjavik
summit ends in failure 12 October 1986
US President
Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev
failed to reach
agreement at a disarmament summit in Reykjavik.
The two men
came close to striking a radical arms reduction deal
after a weekend
of lengthy negotiations at Hofdi House in the Icelandic capital.
But the talks
finally stalled over President Reagan's refusal
to abandon his
Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI).
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_3732000/3732902.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_3732000/3732902.stm
USSR
Soviets admit nuclear accident
at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine
28 April 1986
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/28/newsid_2500000/2500975.stm
USA / USSR
Superpowers aim for 'safer world' 21
November 1985
The Geneva
summit ends in optimism
but with no
agreement on the "Star Wars" space defence system.
Both United
States President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev
spoke of the
world being a "safer place" at the end of their two-day meeting in Switzerland.
The two men
broke with convention
and met
together without advisers in discussions President Reagan dubbed the "fireside
summit".
The
negotiations resulted in the Geneva Accord,
which commits
the two countries to:
- speeding up arms talks
- working
towards the abolition of chemical weapons
- a new
commitment to human rights
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/21/newsid_2549000/2549897.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/21/newsid_2549000/2549897.stm
Михаил
Сергеевич Горбачёв
/ Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev becomes Soviet leader
11 March 1985
Mikhail
Gorbachev takes over following the death of Konstantin Chernenko.

Time Covers -The 80S
TIME cover 07-27-1987 painting of Russian leader Mikhail
Gorbachev;
inset John Poindexter by Dennis Brack.
Date taken: July 27, 1987
Photographer: Skip Liepke
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=6ba163a2e638c22c
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/11/newsid_2538000/2538327.stm
Reagan launches
Cold War into space 23 March 1983
President
Reagan unveils plans to combat nuclear war in space.
The Strategic
Defense Initiative (SDI) proposes a defensive shield,
using laser or
particle beam technology to "intercept and destroy" incoming missiles
as they travel
through the stars.
Defense
analysts described it as the first major attempt to move away
from the 30
year-old Cold War strategy of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
- where the
threat of nuclear attack acts as a deterrent.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/23/newsid_2794000/2794525.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/23/newsid_2794000/2794525.stm
Poland
Martial law lifted 1983
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
Poland
Martial law imposed 1981
Many of
Solidarity's leaders, including Walesa, are imprisoned.
Wojciech
Jaruzelski - Poland's last communist leader

Time Covers -The 80S
TIME Cover: 12-28-1981 of Polish General
Jaruzelski.
Photo Credit: Rudi Frey.
Date taken: December 28, 1981
Photographer: Rudi Frey
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=c08fb2c5ff02986e
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1332541.stm
Poland
Disturbances at the shipyard in Gdansk
lead to the
emergence of the Solidarity trade union under Lech Walesa
1980

Time Covers -The 80S
TIME cover 12-29-1980 ill of Poland's
Solidarity leader, Lech Walesa.
Date taken: December 29, 1980
Photographer: Leslie Cabarga
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=03b4be40a62056b5
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks II (SALT II)
1972-1979
The second round
of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks,
which opened in
November 1972,
aimed to replace
the five-year Interim Agreement
with a more
comprehensive long-term treaty to limit the number and types of nuclear
missiles.
The two sides remained far apart in the negotiations
until a summit
between
American President Gerald Ford
and
Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev
in 1974 in
Vladivostok
during which the
parties reached a basic framework for an agreement.
But, despite the
framework, negotiations bogged down
over the
limitations on American cruise missiles and the Soviet "Backfire"-class bombers.
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/military/proliferation/treaties.html
President Ford
and Soviet General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev / Леони́д Ильи́ч Бре́жнев
sign a joint communiqué
following talks on the limitation of strategic offensive arms.
The document was signed
in the conference hall of the Okeansky Sanatorium, Vladivostok, USSR.
November 24, 1974
http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/images/avproj/pop-ups/A2092-03A.html

Image: A2092-03A
Event: Summit meeting
Location: Vladivostok, USSR
Description: President Ford (L) and Soviet General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev
(R)
sign a joint communiqué following talks on the limitation of
strategic offensive arms.
The document was signed in the conference hall of the Okeansky
Sanatorium, Vladivostok, USSR.
Date: November 24, 1974
Credit: Courtesy Gerald R. Ford Library
Photographer: David Hume Kennerly
http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/images/avproj/pop-ups/A2092-03A.html
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/military/proliferation/treaties.html
USSR
Russian author charged with treason 14
February 1974
The Soviet authorities formally charge
Russian writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn
(1918-2008)
with treason one day after expelling him from
the country.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/14/newsid_2541000/2541129.stm

Time Covers - The 70S
TIME cover 02-25-1974 Soviet dissident writer Alexander
Solzhenitsyn.
Date taken: February 25, 1974
Photographer: Chris Bennett
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=4d18d90de350ac22
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/14/newsid_2541000/2541129.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2276650.stm
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/04/books/04solzhenitsyn.html
http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/s/aleksandr_solzhenitsyn/index.html
Chile
General Augusto Pinochet
ousts
Salvador Allende
in CIA-sponsored coup
and proceeds to establish a brutal
dictatorship 11 September 1973
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1222905.stm

Time Covers - The 70S
Time cover 09-24-1973 of deposed President of Chile Salvador
Allende.
Date taken: September 24, 1973
Photographer: Carl Roodman
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=df2431bd40a46d63
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1222905.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A716591
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/chile.shtml
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/sep/10/chile.jonathanfranklin
http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,,305870,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/1973/sep/12/chile.fromthearchive1
Poland enjoys relative economic prosperity
based on foreign loans 1970s
Successive US presidents Nixon, Ford and
Carter visit Poland.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
Poland
Food price riots in Gdansk 1970
The protests are suppressed, hundreds are
killed.
Edward Gierek becomes party leader.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
Chile
Salvador Allende
becomes world's first democratically elected
Marxist president
and embarks on an extensive programme of
nationalisation and radical social reform
1970
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1222905.stm

Time cover: 10-19-1970 of Salvador Allende, cover art by Bob
Peak.
(Dupe filed with TC 191741E - #712347)
Date taken: August 18, 2003
Photographer: Bob Peak
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=4ade47e93698899d

President Allende Of Chile - Santiago Chile
Photographer: Michael Mauney
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=cb7f3a4cdaa26b9b
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1222905.stm
USA
Man takes first steps on the Moon
21 July 1969
American Neil Armstrong becomes the first man
to walk on the Moon
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/21/newsid_2635000/2635845.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/21/newsid_2635000/2635845.stm
USA
First astronauts orbit Moon 24
December 1968
The Apollo 8 spacecraft takes its crew of
three astronauts
safely into orbit around the Moon,
the first manned space mission to achieve the
feat.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/24/newsid_4083000/4083587.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/24/newsid_4083000/4083587.stm
Czechoslovakia
Prague
Soviet tanks crush Prague's nascent
'socialism with a human face' 21
August 1968

Prague
Lone car passing dozens of Russian tanks
during Russian invasion of Czechoslovakia during "Prague
Spring."
Location: Prague, Czech Republic
Date taken: 1968
Photographer: Bill Ray
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=b34a4220a75a5564
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/aug/17/1968theyearofrevolt.russia
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/21/newsid_2781000/2781867.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1844842.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir2/czechoslovakia1968rev1.shtml
USA
Three
astronauts die in Apollo 1 tragedy 27
June 1967
Three American
astronauts die
after fire
swept through the Apollo spacecraft
designed for a
manned flight to the Moon during rehearsals at Cape Kennedy.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/27/newsid_3392000/3392419.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/27/newsid_3392000/3392419.stm
Stalin's daughter defects to the West
9 March 1967
The daughter of
the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin
requests
political asylum at the United States Embassy in India.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/9/newsid_2801000/2801709.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/9/newsid_2801000/2801709.stm
USA
Millions watch space probe crash into Moon
24 March 1965
A ground-breaking
15-minute live broadcast shows ordinary Americans
what it feels like
to be a space probe hurtling to destruction on the Moon.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/24/newsid_4063000/4063187.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/24/newsid_4063000/4063187.stm
West Germany
John Kennedy's
"Ich bin ein Berliner" speech
West Berlin,
26 June 1963

Kennedy Visit To Germany
Photographer: John Dominis
[ Standing in car from L to R: John F. Kennedy
and
Konrad Adenauer - 1963
]
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=12b742b80597679
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3022166.stm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XjHcNhcahv4&feature=related
Konrad Adenauer
1876-1967
Adenauer was West Germany's first chancellor
and a key figure in rebuilding the country
after World War Two.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/adenauer_konrad.shtml

Kennedy Visit To Germany
Photographer: John Dominis
[
Konrad Adenauer - 1963
]
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=12b742b80597679
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3022166.stm
USSR
Soviets launch first woman into space
16 June 1963
A former textile
worker from the Soviet Union becomes the first woman in space.
Lieutenant
Valentina Tereshkova, 26,
is the fifth
Russian cosmonaut to go into the Earth's orbit
when her spaceship
Vostok VI is launched at 1230 Moscow time.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/newsid_2685000/2685283.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/newsid_2685000/2685283.stm
Vietnam War /
Guerre du Vietnam
The
United States and the Soviet Union exchange prisoners
1962
http://www.guardian.co.uk/fromthearchive/story/0,12269,1144836,00.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/newsid_2731000/2731827.stm
USA
'Music of spheres' hails Venus fly-by
14 December 1962
The unmanned US spacecraft, Mariner 2,
takes the first-ever scan from space of the
planet Venus
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/14/newsid_4061000/4061955.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/14/newsid_4061000/4061955.stm
United States / Cuba >
Missile Crisis
October 1962
George Whelan
Anderson, Jr. 1906-1992

Time Covers - The 60S
TIME cover 11-02-1962 of US Navy Admiral
George Anderson.
Date taken: November 02, 1962
Photographer: Boris Chaliapin
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=448fade3c0eafbb9
Related > NYT obituary
http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/22/us/adm-george-w-anderson-85-was-in-charge-of-cuba-blockade.html
http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN1922589220080219
http://www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference/military/cuban-missile-crisis.html
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/spiesfly/brugioni.html
http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/19/home/missile.html
http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/10/19/home/crisis-review.html
http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1022.html
http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/22/us/adm-george-w-anderson-85-was-in-charge-of-cuba-blockade.html
USA First US rocket lands on Moon
26 April 1962
The American Moon rocket Ranger IV lands on the far side of the moon
but fails to send back pictures due to a technical fault.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/26/newsid_2950000/2950011.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/26/newsid_2950000/2950011.stm
USA US spaceman orbits Earth
20 February 1962
The first American to orbit the Earth lands safely in the Atlantic Ocean.
Marine Lieutenant John Glenn, 40,
travelled about 81,000 miles (more than 130,000km)
as he circled the globe three times at more than 17,000 mph (27,000kph)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/20/newsid_2552000/2552161.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/20/newsid_2552000/2552161.stm
USSR Russia frees US spy plane pilot
10 February 1962
American spy plane pilot Francis Gary Powers
is freed from prison in the Soviet Union
in exchange for a Russian spy jailed in the US.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/newsid_2731000/2731827.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/newsid_2731000/2731827.stm
United States / Cuba
U.S. imposes full economic embargo
February 7, 1962
http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN1922589220080219
USA > Cuba > Bay of Pigs Invasion / Missile crisis
1961-1962
Castro directs troops in defeat of invasion
attempt
by U.S.-backed Cuban exiles at Bay of Pigs
April 19, 1961
http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN1922589220080219
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4925262.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/17/newsid_3394000/3394067.stm
http://www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference/military/cuban-missile-crisis.html
http://www.foia.cia.gov/bay_of_pigs.asp
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDbayofpigs.htm
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDcubanmissile.htm
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/forrel/cuba/cubamenu.htm
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/colc.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1962-cuba-un1.html
http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/10/
World condemns Russia's nuclear test
30 October 1961
Russia explodes the world's largest ever
nuclear device
provoking widespread condemnation from around
the world.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/30/newsid_3666000/3666785.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/30/newsid_3666000/3666785.stm
Berliners wake to divided city
Berlin wall 13 August 1961
The border between East and West Berlin is
closed.
Soldiers start to build the wall.
What starts as barbed wire and light fencing
builds up over the years
into a complex series of wall, fortified
fences,
gun positions and watchtowers heavily guarded and patrolled.
More than 200 people die in the years that
followed trying to cross the wall.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1484769.stm

Time Covers - The 60S
TIME cover 08-31-1962 The Berlin Wall.
Date taken: August 31, 1962
Photographer: Boris Artzybasheff
Life Images

Berlin Wall
Young girl gazing pensively through the pane of her apartment
window
which grimly reflects the image of barbed wire fencing that
tops the nearby Berlin wall.
Location: West Berlin, Germany
Date taken: December 1962
Photographer: Paul Schutzer
Life Images

Berlin Wall
Young boy & girl playing soccer next to the Berlin wall.
Location: West Berlin, Germany
Date taken: December 1962
Photographer: Paul Schutzer
Life Images

West Berlin citizens crowding against nascent Berlin Wall
while lone guared ignores them
on the other side of the
barrier in the Russian controlled sector of the city.
Location: Berlin, Germany
Date taken: 1961
Photographer: Paul Schutzer
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/13/newsid_3054000/3054060.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1484769.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/berlinwall/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/highlights/010815_berlinwall.shtml
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/oct/27/berlin-wall-short-history
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/berlinwall

Street barricade on street leading into the Soviet zone.
Location: West Berlin, Germany
Date taken: May 1952
Photographer: Carl Mydans
Life Images
USSR
Russian cosmonaut spends day in space
6 August 1961
The USSR launches its second cosmonaut into
space
just four months after Yuri Gagarin made his
historic venture
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/6/newsid_2944000/2944638.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/6/newsid_2944000/2944638.stm
USA
Kennedy pledges man on Moon 25 May
1961
President John F Kennedy calls for millions of
dollars
to fund a space programme to get the first man
on the Moon by 1970
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/25/newsid_4369000/4369187.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/25/newsid_4369000/4369187.stm
Shepard becomes first US astronaut
5 May 1961
Commander Alan Shepard is recovered from his
space capsule
in the Atlantic after becoming the first
American in space
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/5/newsid_2504000/2504317.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/5/newsid_2504000/2504317.stm
USSR
Soviets win space race 12 April 1961
The Soviet Union beats the USA in the race to
get the first man into space
At just after 0700BST,
Major Yuri Alexeyevich Gagarin
is fired from the Baikonur launch pad in
Kazakhstan, Soviet central Asia,
in the space craft Vostok (East).
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/12/newsid_2477000/2477715.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/12/newsid_2477000/2477715.stm
U.S. breaks diplomatic ties with Havana
January 3, 1961
http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN1922589220080219
UN
Khrushchev anger erupts at UN
29 September 1960
The Soviet Premier
Nikita Khrushchev
disrupts a meeting of the United Nations
General Assembly
with several angry outbursts
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/29/newsid_3087000/3087171.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/29/newsid_3087000/3087171.stm
Moscow jails American
U-2 spy pilot
19 August 1960
The United States pilot, Francis Gary Powers,
is sentenced to 10 years in prison by a Soviet
military court
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/19/newsid_2962000/2962600.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/19/newsid_2962000/2962600.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2001/military_fact_files/support_u2s.stm
The U2 Incident
An American U-2 spy plane is shot down over
the Soviet Union May 1, 1960
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/34_eisenhower/psources/ps_u2.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/spiesfly/brugioni.html
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4653988
http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0210.html
http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/03/21/business/0321-PLANE_3.html
1959 American exhibition in Moscow
Soviet Premier
Nikita Khrushchev
US Vice-President
Richard Nixon
Kitchen debate 24 July 1959

Nixon/Khrushchev Kitchen Debate
Soviet Premier Nikita
Khrushchev (2L) vehemently arguing w. VP Richard Nixon (2R) who is furiously
objecting
as an excited interpreter (C)
translates their firey words re US ideas on home construction
during "kitchen debate" at
American Natl. Exhibit at Moscow Fair
Location: Russia
Date taken: July 25, 1959
Photographer: Howard Sochurek
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=ff81b75fe9158c84
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/24/newsid_2779000/2779551.stm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3G5I9h6CFaM
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101430375
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/23/opinion/23thu4.html
Soviet Union
Nikita Khrushchev / Никита Сергеевич Хрущёв
1894-1971

Time Covers - The 60S
TIME cover 09-08-1961
Russian Premier Nikita Khrushchev by
Carl Mydans; fireball by J. R. Eyerman.
Date taken: September 08, 1961
Life Images
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/khrushchev_nikita.shtml
http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/k/nikita_s_khrushchev/index.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/greatspeeches/khrushchev/0,,2060103,00.html
Fidel Castro

Fidel Castro
at microphone, military parade
1964-01-02
1092531-R3-E472
Deena Stryker Photographs, 1963-1964 and
undated
http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/stryker.1092531-R3-E472/pg.1/
http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/stryker.1092531-R3-E472/
http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/fidel-castro
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/fidel_castro/index.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/castro_fidel.shtml
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/cuba
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/may/29/barackobama.cuba
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/feb/19/cuba
Che Guevara 1928-1967

Time Covers - The 60S
Time cover 08-08-1960 ill. of revolutionary Che Guevara.
Date taken: August 08, 1960
Photographer: Bernard Safran
Life Images
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/che-guevara
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/guevara_che.shtml
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jul/22/che-guevara-daughter-aleida
USA McCarthyism
Joseph R. McCarthy 1908-1957

Senate Investigation Sub-Committee - Sen. Mccarthy
[ bottom left ],
Senate
Office Bldg.
Date taken: 1953
Photographer: George Skadding
Life Images
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/11/mccarthyism-us-second-world-war
http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/m/joseph_r_mccarthy/index.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/2/newsid_3205000/3205423.stm
John Foster Dulles
1888-1959
U.S. Secretary of State
under President Dwight
D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959

John Foster Dulles
Date taken: April 04, 1950
Photographer: Alfred Eisenstaedt
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=0face65e0cb87433
http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0225.html
http://www.ina.fr/video/AFE85008266/monsieur-herter-succede-a-foster-dulles-et-recoit-fidel-castro.fr.html
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/29/newsid_2514000/2514607.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/2/newsid_3760000/3760378.stm
USSR
World glimpses far side of the Moon
26 October 1959
The Soviet Union has revealed the first
pictures of the far side of the Moon.
The pictures were taken about three weeks ago
from Lunik 3,
the Soviet satellite launched on 4 October,
and transmitted by radio to the Earth, 300,000
miles (483,000 km) away.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/26/newsid_4045000/4045913.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/26/newsid_4045000/4045913.stm
USSR
Soviets launch rocket at the Moon 12
September 1959
A massive Russian rocket,
carrying 860lb (391kg) of scientific
instruments,
is successfully launched at the Moon.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/12/newsid_3054000/3054080.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/12/newsid_3054000/3054080.stm
USA Monkeys survive space mission
28 May 1959
Two monkeys become the first living creatures to survive a space flight
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/28/newsid_3725000/3725961.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/28/newsid_3725000/3725961.stm
USA Monkey lost after space flight
13 December 1958
The search for a small bushy-tailed monkey fired into space
in the nose cone of a Jupiter rocket is called off.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/13/newsid_3240000/3240133.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/13/newsid_3240000/3240133.stm
USSR Russians launch dog into space
3 November 1957
The Soviet Union launches the first ever living creature into the cosmos
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/3/newsid_3191000/3191083.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/3/newsid_3191000/3191083.stm
USSR Sputnik satellite blasts into
space 4 October 1957
A Russian satellite is launched into space
- the first man-made object ever to leave the Earth's atmosphere
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/4/newsid_2685000/2685115.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/4/newsid_2685000/2685115.stm
Hungary Soviet troops overrun Hungary
4 November 1956

Picket lines at Russian legation with signs and pictures
about Russian tyranny at Budapest re Hungarian Revolution.
Location: New York, NY, US
Date taken: November 1956
Photographer: Walter Sanders
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=f74480d354bc64fb

Russian tanks on the streets of Budapest.
Location: Budapest, Hungary
Date taken: November 1956
Photographer: Michael Rougier
Life Images
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=78e468281d1b1079
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/4/newsid_2739000/2739039.stm
Fighting spreads in Hungary revolution
26 October 1956
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/26/newsid_3200000/3200703.stm
Hungarians rise up against Soviet rule
23 October 1956
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/23/newsid_3140000/3140400.stm
Truman rejects anti-Stalin talk 18
June 1956
The former President of the United States, Harry Truman,
shruggs off suggestions Moscow may be about to reject its Stalinist past
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/18/newsid_3048000/3048197.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/18/newsid_3048000/3048197.stm
Khrushchev lashes out at Stalin
25 February 1956
The Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev,
denounces
Joseph Stalin as a brutal despot
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/25/newsid_2703000/2703581.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/25/newsid_2703000/2703581.stm
Poland More than 50 people killed in
rioting in Poznan 1956
over demands for greater freedom.
Liberal Communist leader Wladislaw Gomulka takes over.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
Communist states sign Warsaw Pact 14
May 1955
The Soviet Union and its Eastern Bloc allies
sign a security pact in the Polish capital, Warsaw, after a three-day conference
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/14/newsid_3771000/3771065.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/14/newsid_3771000/3771065.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
US tests hydrogen bomb in Bikini 1
March 1954
The US produces the biggest ever man-made explosion so far
in the Pacific archipelago of Bikini, part of the Marshall Islands.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/1/newsid_2781000/2781419.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/1/newsid_2781000/2781419.stm
Germany Berlin
Soviet blockade 24 June 1948 - 12 May
1949
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/may/12/berlin-blockade-60th-anniversary
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2008/jun/26/germany.russia?picture=335291007
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/peopleevents/pandeAMEX49.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir2/berlinblockaderev2.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir2/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/03/98/berlin/72088.stm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/berlinwall/8231.shtml
Cold War
The Soviet Union and the United
States
Berlin blockade
1948
U-2 weather planes
on a spying mission over the Soviet Union
1960
The Bay of Pigs, Cuban missile crisis
1961-1962
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/03/98/berlin/72088.stm
http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/index2.htm
http://century.guardian.co.uk/1940-1949/Story/0,6051,105121,00.html
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-coldwar.html
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/intro.html
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/colc.html
http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/x2jfk.html
http://century.guardian.co.uk/year/0,6050,128371,00.html
http://century.guardian.co.uk/1960-1969/Story/0,6051,105522,00.html
http://century.guardian.co.uk/1960-1969/Story/0,6051,105566,00.html
http://century.guardian.co.uk/1960-1969/Story/0,6051,105569,00.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/fromthearchive/story/0,12269,1246268,00.html
http://wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=topics.home
http://www.archives.gov/research/cold-war/
Korean War 1950-1953
USSR
Joseph Stalin
1879-1953
One of the most powerful and murderous
dictators in history,
Stalin was the supreme ruler of the Soviet
Union for a quarter of a century.
His regime of terror caused the death and
suffering of tens of millions,
but he also oversaw the war machine that
played a key role in the defeat of Nazism.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/stalin_joseph.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/stalin_joseph.shtml
Eastern Europe after the second world war
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/11/second-world-war-eastern-europe
Poland
Communist rule 1947
Poland becomes a Communist People's Republic
after Soviet-run elections, under the
Stalinist leadership of Boleslaw Bierut.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1054724.stm
The Sinews of Peace / Iron Curtain Speech
by Winston S. Churchill, Prime Minister of the
United Kingdom
at the Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri,
USA 5 March 1946
http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C78F8A8F-3DB25E3F/natolive/news_16942.htm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/churchill_defender_01.shtml
Germany
Potsdam Conference 17 July - 2 August
1945
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1144829.shtml
Yalta conference
11 February 1945
Dividing Germany after the second world war
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/10/second-world-war-germany-yalta
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1144865.shtml
Related
The National Security Archive / The George Washington University
> The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/index.htm
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/photos.htm
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