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Rosa Parks is fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey in Montgomery, Ala., during her indictment for organizing a boycott, Feb. 22, 1956. Mrs. Parks' act of civil disobedience and refusal to give up her seat to a white passenger in Dec. 1955 sparked the Montgomery bus boycott.
Associated Press
Rosa Parks honored on Centro buses today
Published: Wednesday, February 04, 2009, 11:54 AM
Louis Heilprin Pollak 1922-2012
Federal judge and former dean of two prestigious law schools who played a significant role in major civil rights cases before the Supreme Court, including the landmark Brown v. Board of Education desegregation case (...) For 28 years, before President Jimmy Carter appointed him to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, Judge Pollak had volunteered his services to the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. He did so even during his tenures as dean of the Yale and University of Pennsylvania law schools.
Recruited in 1950 by the defense fund’s director, Thurgood Marshall, who later became an associate justice of the Supreme Court, Mr. Pollak was a member of the legal team that spent several years preparing the plaintiff’s briefs for Brown v. Board of Education.
The Supreme Court’s unanimous decision in that case, handed down in May 1954, stated that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal” and a violation of the 14th Amendment. The decision, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson, the 1896 ruling that permitted state-sponsored segregation,
is considered a cornerstone of the modern
civil rights movement.
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/13/us/louis-pollak-judge-and-civil-rights-advocate-dies-at-89.html
Nicholas deBelleville Katzenbach 1922-2012
Nicholas deB. Katzenbach (...) helped shape the political history of the 1960s, facing down segregationists, riding herd on historic civil rights legislation and helping to map Vietnam War strategy as a central player
in both the Kennedy and Johnson
administrations
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/10/us/nicholas-katzenbach-1960s-political-shaper-dies-at-90.html
Gilbert Edward Noble 1932-2012
television journalist who hosted “Like It Is,” an award-winning Sunday morning public affairs program in New York, one of the longest-running in the country dedicated to showcasing black leadership
and
the African-American experience
Robert Lee Carter 1917-2012
as a lawyer, Robert Lee Carter was a leading strategist and a persuasive voice in the legal assault on racial segregation in 20th-century America
Freddie Lee Robinson 1922-2011
storied civil rights leader who survived beatings and bombings in Alabama a half-century ago as he fought against racial injustice alongside the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/us/rev-fred-l-shuttlesworth-civil-rights-leader-dies-at-89.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/opinion/fred-shuttlesworth-marching-in-kings-shadow.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/us/rev-fred-l-shuttlesworth-civil-rights-leader-dies-at-89.html
David Marshall French 1924-2011
Dr. David M. French helped found an organization of doctors that provided medical care to marchers during the civil rights era and later organized health care programs in 20 African nations
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/06/us/06french.html
William Manning Marable 1950-2011
leading scholar of black history and a leftist critic of American social institutions and race relations, who wrote a biography of Malcolm X
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/02/arts/manning-marable-60-historian-and-social-critic.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/apr/04/manning-marable-obituary
John Logan Cashin Jr. 1928-2011
civil rights campaigner who was the first black candidate for governor of Alabama since Reconstruction, mounting an unsuccessful challenge in 1970 to the arch-segregationist George C. Wallace
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/27/us/politics/27cashin.html
Juanita W. Goggins 1935-2010
Trailblazer of US civil rights
http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_FORGOTTEN_LAWMAKER?
http://www.bvblackspin.com/2010/03/11/juanita-goggins-found-frozen/
Charles Lee Moore 1931-2010
Rights-Era Photographer
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/arts/16moore.html
Benjamin Lawson Hooks 1925-2010
Civil Rights Leader
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/16/us/16hooks.html
Dorothy Irene Height 1912-2010
African-American and women’s rights movements leader
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/30/us/politics/30height.html http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/30/us/politics/30height-text.html http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/21/us/21height.html
Lena Calhoun Horne 1917-2010
First black performer to be signed to a long-term contract by a major Hollywood studio
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/10/arts/music/10horne.html http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article7121518.ece
Raymond Victor Haysbert 1920-2010
Baltimore civic leader and businessman
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/business/29haysbert.html
John Woolman Douglas 1921-2010
champion of civil and human rights
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/06/us/politics/06douglas.html
Ronald William Walters 1938-2010
Ronald W. Walters organized one of the nation’s first lunch-counter sit-ins to protest segregation as a young man and went on to become a leading scholar of the politics of race
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/15/us/15walters.html
Michael Aloysius Tabor 1946-2010
one of 13 Black Panther Party members acquitted in 1971 of conspiring to bomb public buildings and murder police officers in New York City
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/24/nyregion/24tabor.html
The President’s RoundTable
a Baltimore-based networking organization of African-American chief executives and other leaders
http://www.presidentsroundtable.net/index.html http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/business/29haysbert.html
Margaret Taylor Burroughs 1915-2010
a founder of the DuSable Museum of African American History in Chicago, one of the first museums devoted to black history and culture in the United States
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/28/arts/28burroughs.html
Ernest C. Withers 1922-2007
one of the most celebrated photographers of the civil rights era - and a paid F.B.I. informer
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/us/14photographer.html http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2010/sep/12/photographer-ernest-withers-fbi-informant/
Coretta Scott King 1927-2006
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-2018834,00.html
Rosa Louise Parks 1913-2005
http://www.freep.com/news/metro/parks3e_20051103.htm
Edgar Ray Killen > 'Mississippi Burning' trial 2005
http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/06/13/miss.killings/index.html
[ Constance Baker Motley and ] James Meredith face pickets on their way to court in New Orleans in 1962
Constance Baker Motley Pioneering black woman lawyer at the forefront of the civil rights struggle in
America
Constance Baker Motley 1921-2005
lawyer and judge
http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,12271,1582575,00.html
Vivian Juanita Malone Jones 1942-2005 Black students > University of Alabama 1963
http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,3604,1594414,00.html
civil rights leader > James Farmer 1920-1999
Governor George C. Wallace 1919-1998
http://www.cnn.com/US/9809/14/wallace.obit/ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/sept98/wallace.htm http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/10/us/nicholas-katzenbach-1960s-political-shaper-dies-at-90.html
Black Power activist Stokely Carmichael Carmichael 1941-1998
http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2006/martin_luther_king/5.html
The man who raised a black power salute at the 1968 Olympic Games
When John Carlos raised his fist in a black power salute at the 1968 Olympics, it changed 20th-century history – and his own life – for ever. How does he feel about it now? http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/mar/30/black-power-salute-1968-olympics
The body of Martin Luther King lying in state in Memphis, Tennessee. Pictured nearest the coffin are (left to right) Revd Ralph Abernathy, Bernard Lee, Andrew Young Photograph: Keystone/Hulton 06.04.1968 Martin Luther King is killed; Harlem reacts WJ Weatherby, the Guardian The Guardian G2 pp. 16-17 3.4.2006 > Full text Harlem — the accepted capital of Negro
America — had lost its King today.
Martin Luther King Jr. 1929-1968
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/k/martin_luther_jr_king/index.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/audioslideshow/2012/jan/16/gil-scott-heron-holiday-martin-luther-king-day
http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-2120209,00.html
Ernest Avants and two fellow Ku Klux Klansman abduct and kill Ben Chester White, a black farmhand, in the hope that the heinousness of the crime would lure the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to Natchez, Miss. 1966
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/21/us/21kornblum.html
On the steps of the State Capitol building, Martin Luther King delivers his "How Long, Not Long" speech to 25,000 people Montgomery, Alabama March 25, 1965
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TAYITODNvlM http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/nov/18/selma-marches-lee-daniels
Malcolm X by Gordon Parks 1963 Kodak legend
Malcolm Little / Malcolm X 1925-1965
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/nyregion/09shabazz.html
Malcolm X is shot dead at Harlem rally February 22, 1965
http://century.guardian.co.uk/1960-1969/Story/0,6051,105659,00.html
Jimmie Lee Jackson's murder February 1965
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/05/09/national/main2779979.shtml
Selma-to-Montgomery Voting Rights March > George C. Wallace 1965
http://www.alabamamoments.state.al.us/sec59.html
Justice at last? In August 1955 the body of 14-year-old Emmett Till was recovered from a river in Mississippi. A month later, two white men were acquitted of his murder by an all white jury, causing an outcry that helped kick-start the US civil rights movement. Fifty years on, the case is finally being reopened. Gary Younge reports
The Guardian
G2 p. 1
6.6.2005
Title:
Creator/Contributor: Date: 1955 November 13
Justice at last?
In
August 1955 the
body of 14-year-old Emmett Till was recovered from a river in Mississippi.
The Guardian
G2 6.6.2005
Civil rights-era killings in Mississippi > Emmett Till murder 1955
Emmett Till 1941-1955
http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-03-04-till-case_N.htm
Michael Schwerner, James Chaney and Andrew Goodman, the three civil-rights campaigners beaten and shot dead by Ku Klux Klan members in Philadelphia, Mississippi June 1964
http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,,2054195,00.html
The Ku Klux Klan's May 2, 1964, abduction and slayings of Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
Klansman James Seale http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-01-24-miss-deputy-arrest_x.htm
"The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll" is a topical song written by the American musician Bob Dylan.
Recorded on October 23, 1963, the song was released on Dylan's 1964 album 'The Times They Are a-Changin' and gives a generally factual account of the killing of 51-year-old barmaid Hattie Carroll by the wealthy young tobacco farmer from Charles County, Maryland, William Devereux "Billy" Zantzinger (whom the song calls "William Zanzinger"), and his subsequent sentence to six months in a county jail. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lonesome_Death_of_Hattie_Carroll
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lonesome_Death_of_Hattie_Carroll
Title: Medgar Evers memorial march in Los Angeles (Calif.) Memorial March--Negroes and white join in procession along Avalon Blvd. in memory of Medgar Evers, slain Mississippi civil rights leader. Demonstration was sponsored here by NAACP officials Creator/Contributor: Los Angeles Times (Firm), Publisher Date: June 17, 1963
http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb158003xh/
Medgar Evers’ funeral, Jackson, Mississippi,
1963. Photograph: John Loengard The Guardian Weekend p. 48 19.11.2005
Tales of the unexpected
William Lowe Waller 1926-2011
as a prosecutor in 1964 he twice tried to convict the segregationist Byron De La Beckwith of murdering the civil rights leader Medgar Evers
Byron De La Beckwith 1920-2001
Mr. Beckwith was serving a life term for the 1963 killing of Medgar Evers, the Mississippi field secretary for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The shooting of Mr. Evers, who was 37, outside his Jackson home was one of the most notorious events in the violence that marked the civil rights era.
The victim's wife, Myrlie, and their three young children had been watching President John F. Kennedy give a televised address on civil rights on the night of June 12, 1963. Mr. Evers was at a meeting of civil rights workers at a nearby church.
Moments after Mr. Evers stepped out of the car, a sniper hiding in a clump of honeysuckle vines shot him with a high-powered hunting rifle. Mrs. Evers found her mortally wounded husband at the steps by a door to their house, where he had managed to drag himself after the bullet struck him in the back and tore through his chest.
http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/23/us/byron-de-la-beckwith-dies-killer-of-medgar-evers-was-80.html
civil rights leader > Medgar Evers 1925-1963
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/03/us/politics/william-l-waller-ex-governor-of-mississippi-dies-at-85.html
George C. Wallace (L) by Richard Avedon (R) Avedon obituary The Guardian 2.10.2004
Gov. Alabama, George C. Wallace, conducting racist political campaign. Location: Cambridge, MD, US Date taken: May 1964 Photographer: Stan Wayman Life Images
Alabama > Governor George C. Wallace 1963
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wallace/ http://www.columbia.edu/itc/history/brinkley/3651/photos/sixties/wallace_george.htm http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,3604,1594414,00.html
Vivian Malone and James Hood, surrounded by national guardsmen and reporters, enroll at the University of Alabama on June 11 1963. Photograph: Bettmann/Corbi
Vivian Malone Jones Black student whose enrolment marked the beginning of the end of segregation in the US south
The Guardian p. 32
18.10.2005
Birmingham church bombing > George C. Wallace 1963
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/media/clarion/kc_birmingham.html
James Hood Black students > University of Alabama 1963
http://www.druidcityonline.com/na-opening%20doors%20hood%20int.htm
I have a dream Speech delivered by Martin Luther King at the Lincoln Memorial, Washington August 28 1963
http://www.guardian.co.uk/greatspeeches/king/0,,2060106,00.html
James Meredith 1962
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart9.html
Ruby Bridges / The problem we all live with Norman Rockwell
1964 The Problem We All Live With Illustration for Look, January 14, 1964
The Problem We All Live With, 1964. Look story illustration.
Oil on canvas, 36 x 58 inches.
Photo Courtesy of The
Norman Rockwell Museum at Stockbridge.
Ruby Bridges November 14, 1960
http://www.africanaonline.com/
Black students like Elizabeth Eckford faced hatred to integrate Central High in Little Rock, Ark., in 1957. Today white school board members are supporting an embattled black superintendent.
50 Years Later, Little Rock Can’t
Escape Race NYT
8.5.2007
Elizabeth Eckford 1957
http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/05/17/eckford.transcript/
Rosa Parks Photograph by Associated Press. 1964. Location: NYWTS - BIOG--Parks, Rosa--Segregation case Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-109426
Library of Congress
Rosa Louise Parks 1913-2005
Supreme Court of the United States General ban on segregation to buses that run only inside a state's borders 1956 http://www.guardian.co.uk/fromthearchive/story/0,12269,1600360,00.html
Teacher Robert Mallard is shot to death by white men November 1948
http://books.google.com/books?id=hEoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35&dq
Jack Roosevelt Robinson breaks the color barrier in major league baseball April 10, 1947
http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/featured_documents/jackie_robinson_letter/
Related
Anglonautes > History > USA > 1950s - 1960s > Civil Rights Anglonautes > History > USA > 19th century > Slavery Anglonautes > History > USA > 19th century > Civil war (1861-1865)
Anglonautes > Vocabulary > USA > Racism Anglonautes > Vocabulary > USA > Slavery
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