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President Lyndon B. Johnson (L) meets with Martin Luther King, Jr. (R) in the White House Cabinet Room Date: 03/18/1966 Source: Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum.
Image Serial Number: A2134-2A.
Author: Yoichi R. Okamoto
President Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968, prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing April 11, 1968
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/15/fyi/main2359504.shtml
Martin Luther King (1929-1968) is shot dead by James Earl Ray (1928-1998) in Memphis, Tennessee April 4, 1968
1968 King Assassination Report (CBS News) Walter Cronkite had almost finished broadcasting the "CBS Evening News" when he received word of Martin Luther King's assassination. His report detailed the shooting and the nation's reaction to the tragedy. (CBSNews.com)
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/10/newsid_2516000/2516725.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/4/newsid_2453000/2453987.stm http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/opinion/20Lafayette.html http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/24/us/24kershaw.html http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/06/opinion/06branch.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/mar/30/race.usa http://www.cbsnews.com/sections/civilrights/main273.shtml http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/23/newsid_2914000/2914267.stm http://www.cnn.com/US/9804/03/king.1968/index.html http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/rfk.htm http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/k/martin_luther_jr_king/index.html http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/r/james_earl_ray/index.html
Race riots engulf Detroit and Milwaukee, after similar disturbances in Los Angeles, Newark and Chicago 1967
David Ginsburg - lawyer who led the presidential commission on race relations whose report, in 1968, warned that the United States was “moving toward two societies — one black, one white, separate and unequal”
Building burning during race riots in the city. Location: Detroit, MI, US Date taken: July 1967 Photographer: Declan Haun
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Smoke lifting from burnt out buildings in aftermath of race riots. Location: Detroit, MI, US Date taken: 1967 Photographer: Declan Haun
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During race riots in Detroit a family takes walk in devastated neighborhood. Location: Detroit, MI, US Date taken: July 1967 Photographer: Lee Balterman
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Policeman lining up suspects after race riots. Location: Detroit, MI, US Date taken: 1967 Photographer: Declan Haun
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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/13_detroit.html http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/25/us/25ginsburg.html
The Negro Family: The Case For National Action, also known as the Moynihan Report, named after future U.S. Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan released March 1965
http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/webid-meynihan.htm http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/opinion/29Patterson.html
The southwestern district of Los Angeles - Watts - erupts in fire, looting and violent protests as thousands of black people take to the streets to demonstrate against social injustices. The riots leave 34 dead and more than 1,000 injured. August 11-16, 1965
Title: Governor Brown and Los Angeles Mayor Sam Yorty exit riot conference Shown following riot conference. Governor Brown and Mayor Yorty Creator/Contributor: Los Angeles Times (Firm), Publisher Gaunt, Jack, Photographer Date: March 15, 1966
Contributing Institution:
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/15/fyi/main2359504.shtml
Nazi Picketing White House Arrival Of Martin Luther King 1965
Nazi Picketing White House Arrival Of Martin Luther King Date taken: 1965 Photographer: Francis Miller Life Images
March from Selma to Montgomery / "Bloody Sunday" Alabama March 1965
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=2 http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/01/23/060123crbo_books http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/15/fyi/main2359504.shtml
Malcolm X (1925-1965) is shot dead in Harlem February 21, 1965
L: MALCOLM X SPEECHES Malcolm X on Dr. Martin Luther King Date: ?
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R : Martin Luther King Jr. on Malcolm X Date: ?
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Malcolm X: "My father was killed by the Ku Klux Klan." In an interview on Chicago TV with Jim Hurlbut, Malcolm X describes his early childhood and explains that his house was burned down by the Klan and that they murdered his father. Date: ?
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Malcolm X: "Who Taught You To Hate Yourself?" Date: ?
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Description: MALCOLM X, head and shoulders, seated, leaning with right hand to head, waiting for press conference. Photograph by Marion S. Trikosko, 1964 March 26. Location of Original: U.S. News and World Report Collection: LC-U9-11695 Reproduction Number: LC-U9-11695-frame #5 Digital ID: ppmsc 01274 Source: digital file from original
Reproduction Number: Images of 20th Century African American Activists: A Select List
Repository:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/21/newsid_2752000/2752637.stm http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/nyregion/09shabazz.html http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0221.html http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0221.html
White supremacist violence during the civil rights era
Former Ku Klux Klansman James Ford Seale [ 1934 or 1935 – 2011 ] was convicted on federal kidnapping charges more than 40 years after the abduction, torture and drowning of two black teenagers near the Mississippi-Louisiana border in 1964 [ ... ] Mr. Moore, a sawmill worker, and Mr. Dee, a college student, were 19 when they disappeared on May 2, 1964, last seen hitchhiking on a highway near Meadville, Miss. Two months later, on July 12, a fisherman spotted Mr. Moore’s body in a Mississippi River backwater called the Old River. Mr. Dee was found the next day. [ ... ]
According to F.B.I. reports, the Klan believed that Mr. Moore and Mr. Dee were Black Muslims plotting an armed uprising. The two were taken deep into the nearby Homochitto National Forest, where they were tied to trees and whipped. They were then driven across the state line to Louisiana, where they were tied to an engine block
and thrown into
the river with tape over their mouths. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/05/us/05seale.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/05/us/05seale.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/sep/11/race.usa http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/25/us/25klan.html
http://www.clarionledger.com/apps/pbcs.dll/gallery http://coldcases.org/cases/henry-dee-and-charles-moore-case
a black shopkeeper, is burnt to death in Louisiana in 1964
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/nov/30/ku-klux-klan-linked-murder
Martin Luther King's Acceptance Speech, on the occasion of the award of the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo December 10, 1964
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-acceptance.html http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1014.html
President Lyndon Baines Johnson 1908-1973 36th President of the United States 1963-1969
Civil Rights Era President Lyndon Johnson enacts the Civil Rights Bill in the United States, officially ending segregation in the South July 2 1964
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/04/opinion/04rich.html http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-11-17-lbj-tapes_x.htm http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/lj36.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/fromthearchive/story/0,12269,1252550,00.html http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10816FD39581B7A93C6A9178CD85F408685F9 http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0F1EF93B5F147A93C1A9178CD85F408685F9 http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00E11F93B5F147A93C1A9178CD85F408685F9 http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0910FA3B5B1B728DDDA00994DE405B848AF1D3 http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10C13FA3B5B1B728DDDA00994DE405B848AF1D3 http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30B15F9345E147A93C3A8178DD85F408685F9 http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-rights.html http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/15/fyi/main2359504.shtml
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/2/newsid_3787000/3787809.stm
On June 21, 1964, three civil rights workers who were registering voters in Philadelphia — James Chaney, who was black, and Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner, who were white — were murdered.
In a 1967 trial, seven of 18 defendants were convicted of conspiracy. Then in 2005, Edgar Ray Killen, an 80-year-old former Klansman, was convicted of manslaughter for the killings and sentenced to 60 years in prison. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/22/us/22mayor.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/22/national/22civil.html http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/22/us/22mayor.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,,2054195,00.html
President Lyndon B. Johnson (1908-1973) 18 January 1964 meets with Civil Rights leaders Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968), Whitney Young (1921-1971),
President Lyndon B. Johnson meets with Civil Rights leaders Martin Luther King, Jr., Whitney Young, James Farmer L to R: Martin Luther King, Jr., President Lyndon B. Johnson, Whitney Young, James Farmer
Date 18 January 1964 (1964-01-18)
Image Serial Number: W425-21.
Four young girls attending Sunday school are killed in the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama Sep. 15, 1963
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/15/fyi/main2359504.shtml
March on Washington for jobs and freedom August 28, 1963 Martin Luther King Jr. gives his "I Have A Dream" speech
TITLE: Civil rights march on Wash[ington], D.C. REPRODUCTION NUMBER: LC-U9-10361-15 (b&w film neg.) LC-DIG-ppmsca-04297 (digital file from original)
SUMMARY: Photograph showing civil rights leaders, MEDIUM: 1 negative : film. CREATED/PUBLISHED: 1963 Aug. 28. CREATOR: Leffler, Warren K., photographer. NOTES: Title from contact sheet folder caption. U.S. News & World Report Magazine Photograph Collection.
REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.
20540 USA
TITLE: Civil rights march on Washington, D.C.
Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. giving his "I Have A Dream" speech during March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (aka the Freedom March). Location: Washington, DC, US Date taken: August 28, 1963 Photographer: Francis Miller Life Images
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. giving his "I Have a Dream" speech to huge crowd gathered for the Mall in Washington DC during the March on Washington for Jobs & Freedom (aka the Freedom March). Location: Washington, DC, US Date taken: August 28, 1963 Photographer: Francis Miller
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http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/28/opinion/28herbert.html http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/teachers/lessonplans/english/mlk_transcript.pdf http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/aug/28/uselections2008.constitutionandcivilliberties http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/aug/21/usa.features11 http://www.npr.org/news/specials/march40th/ http://www.npr.org/news/specials/march40th/part1.html http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/18/books/review/Lewis-t.html http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/k/martin_luther_jr_king/index.html http://www.pbs.org/nationalparks/media/pdfs/tnp-abi-untold-stories-pt-07-civil-rights.pdf
NAACP leader Medgar Evers is murdered in Jackson, Mississippi June 12, 1963
Mourners saying farewell to slain NAACP official Medgar Evers at his funeral. Location: Jackson, MS, US Date taken: June 1963 Photographer: John Loengard Life Images
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/15/fyi/main2359504.shtml http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1294360 http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/evers_medger.htm
Freedom riders 1961
Freedom Riders were a racially mixed group, mostly college students, who were riding buses through the South to test the Supreme Court’s recent ban on segregation in waiting rooms and restaurants that served interstate travelers http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/opinion/20Lafayette.html
Freedom Riders (L-R) Freedom Riders Julia Aaron & David Dennis sitting on board interstate bus as they & 25 others (bkgrd. & unseen) are escorted by 2 MS Natl. Guardsmen holding bayonets, on way fr. Montgomery, AL to Jackson, MS. Location: US Date taken: May 1961 Photographer: Paul Schutzer
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Freedom Riders Date taken: 1961 Photographer: Joe Scherschel
Life Images
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/opinion/20Lafayette.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/16/opinion/16mon4.html
U.S. Supreme Court Boynton v. Virginia, 364 U.S. 454 (1960)
Boynton v. Virginia in a restaurant in a bus terminal, petitioner, a Negro interstate bus passenger, was convicted in Virginia courts of violating a state statute making it a misdemeanor for any person "without authority of law" to remain upon the premises of another after having been forbidden to do so.
On appeal, he contended that his conviction violated the Interstate Commerce Act and the Equal Protection, Due Process and Commerce Clauses of the Federal Constitution; but his conviction was sustained by the State Supreme Court. On petition for certiorari to this Court, he raised only the constitutional questions.
http://supreme.justia.com/us/364/454/case.html
In February and March 1959, Dr. Martin Luther King and his wife, Coretta Scott King, traveled throughout India
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=99480326 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/17/AR2009021703040.html
Jefferson Allison Thomas 1942-2010
One of the nine black students who integrated an all-white high school in Little Rock, Ark., in 1957 in a landmark confrontation of the civil rights movement
(...) presented the first major test of the federal government’s ability to enforce a 1954 Supreme Court ruling that outlawed racial segregation in public schools. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/07/us/07thomas.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/07/us/07thomas.html http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/06/AR2010090603672.html http://www.kansascity.com/2010/09/06/2202720/little-rock-nine-member-jefferson.html http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/06/little-rock-nine-jefferson-thomas-dies-67_n_706841.html http://edition.cnn.com/2010/US/09/06/obit.thomas.little.rock.9/?hpt=T1 http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/09/06/national/main6839698.shtml http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/07/jefferson-thomas-little-rock-nine-dies
Little Rock, Arkansas The Little Rock Nine 1959
Little Rock Arkansas Date taken: 1959 Photographer: Francis Miller
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Protestors against school integration by supporting a governor who supports their views. Location: Little Rock, AK, US Date taken: August 1959 Photographer: Francis Miller
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A protestor speaking out against school integration. Location: Little Rock, AK, US Date taken: July 1959 Photographer: Francis Miller
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President Dwight Eisenhower orders 1,000 U.S. Army paratroopers and 10,000 National Guardsmen to restore order to Little Rock, Arkansas, and escort nine black students into the previously all-white Central High School Sept. 23, 1957
Operation Arkansas: A Different Kind of Deployment Soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division escort the Little Rock Nine students into the all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Ark. Photo: U.S. ARmy
Photo by Courtesy of the National Archives
Little Rock Integration Minnijean Brown (C), 15, along w. 6 other black students, being blocked by the AK National Guard bent on keeping them fr. entering Central High School, by order of Gov. Orval Faubus. Location: Little Rock, AK, US Date taken: September 04, 1957 Photographer: Francis Miller
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Little Rock Integration Four teenagers of the "Little Rock Nine" walking along sidewalk as they are turned away from entering Central High School by Arkansas National Guardsmen under orders fr. Gov. Orval Faubus. Location: Little Rock, AK, US Date taken: September 04, 1957
Photographer: Francis Miller
Little Rock Integration Teenager Elizabeth Eckford (L) w. snarling white parents following as she is turned away fr. entering Central High School by Arkansas National Guardsmen under orders fr. Gov. Orval Faubus. Location: Little Rock, AK, US Date taken: September 04, 1957 Photographer: Francis Miller
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http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/15/fyi/main2359504.shtml
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/06/AR2010090603672.html
Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom Washington, DC May 17, 1957 “Give Us the Ballot,” Address at the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
[ Martin Luther King ] Prayer Pilgrimage Date taken: 1957 Photographer: Paul Schutzer
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[ Martin Luther King ] Prayer Pilgrimage Date taken: 1957 Photographer: Paul Schutzer
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Prayer Pilgrimage Date taken: 1957 Photographer: Paul Schutzer
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom http://www.cbsnews.com/elements/2008/03/31/in_depth_us/timeline3982827_0_content.shtml http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart9.html http://www.mlkonline.net/ballot.html
http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/ http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/primarydocuments/Vol4/17-May-1957_GiveUsTheBallot.pdf
Segregation Hearings, Virginia
Bills are introduced by Gov. Thomas Stanley gov. 1954-1958 (1890-1970) in defiance of Supreme Court decision decreeing racial integration in public schools Richmond, VA, US 1956
Segregation Hearings, Virginia Spectators packed into gallery draped w. confederate flags during Virginia legislature hearings of bills introduced by Gov. Thomas Stanley in defiance of Supreme Court decision decreeing racial integration in public schools. Location: Richmond, VA, US Date taken: 1956 Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White Life Images
Basing its decision on Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court says the Montgomery bus segregation rule violates the constitution. The Montgomery Bus Boycott - and the bus system's segregation, end Dec. 21, 1956
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/15/fyi/main2359504.shtml
382-day Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955-1956
Montgomery Bus Boycott Photographer: Grey Villet Undated
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http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/american-civil-rights-movement- http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/montgomerybusboycott.html http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/k/martin_luther_jr_king/index.html http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/26/us/26carr.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/02_bus.html
Rosa Parks is arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to relinquish her seat to a white man and move to the "negro" section near the back of the city bus Dec. 1, 1955
http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/15/fyi/main2359504.shtml
Emmett Louis "Bobo" Till
July 25, 1941-August 28, 1955
Defendants Roy Bryant & J. W. Milam talking to their lawyer during their trial for the murder of Emmett Till. Location: Sumner, MS, US Date taken: 1955 Photographer: Ed Clark Life Images
Roy Bryant (CL) and J. W. Milam (CR) posing with their wives to celebrate their acquittal for the murder of Emmett Till. Location: MS, US Date taken: September 1955 Photographer: Ed Clark Life Images
African American press reporters sitting at seperate card table during the trial for the murder of black teenager Emmitt Till, allegedly by two white men. Location: Sumner, MS, US Date taken: 1955 Photographer: Ed Clark Life Images
Moses Wright & Mamie Bradley, uncle & mother respectively of murdered boy Emmett Till, speaking to press during the trial for his murder. Location: Sumner, MS, US Date taken: 1955 Photographer: Ed Clark Life Images
http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-03-04-till-case_N.htm
School desegregation
U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivers the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas May 17, 1954
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
Racial Segregation represented by separating schools for African Americans. Location: VA, US Date taken: March 1953 Photographer: Hank Walker Life Images
http://www.nationalcenter.org/brown.html http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/10/weekinreview/10liptak.html http://www.npr.org/news/specials/brown50/ http://www.pbs.org/jefferson/enlight/brown.htm http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1982/3/82.03.06.x.html http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-segregation.html http://www.supremecourthistory.org/02_history/subs_history/02_c13.html http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-aftermath.html http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brown-v-board/ http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brown-case-order/ http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/davis-case/ http://digilib.gmu.edu:8080/xmlui/bitstream/1920/2448/2/mann_44_10_02B.pdf http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/990517onthisday_big.html
Martin Luther King becomes pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama 1954
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.html
Martin Luther King 1929-1968
1968 - Martin Luther King's Prophetic Last speech - Remember
YouTube
President Lyndon B. Johnson (L) and Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (R)
Date 03/18/1966 Source: Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum.
Image Serial Number: A2133-10. Author Yoichi R. Okamoto, White House Press Office (WHPO)
Wikipedia
Portrait of Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. Location: US Date taken: 1957 Photographer: Walter Bennett Life Images
Time Covers - The 50S Time cover: 02-18-1957 of Martin Luther King. Date taken: February 18, 1957 Life Images
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/community/
Martin Luther King Jr. at a rally held in Selma, Alabama, during marches to Montgomery.
Photograph: Flip Schulke/Corbis
The Observer Paul Harris
30.3.2008
Photo: Time Caption:
Observer 30.3.2008
Time > PHOTOGRAPHS BY FLIP SCHULKE/CORBIS
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/k/martin_luther_jr_king/index.html http://www.cbsnews.com/elements/2008/03/31/in_depth_us/timeline3982827_0_content.shtml
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/ http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/mar/31/usa.race http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/jun/28/highereducation.usa http://www.guardianbookshop.co.uk/BerteShopWeb/viewProduct.do?ISBN=9780349112985 http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/ http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/mlk/ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAkingML.htm http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart9.html#09a http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart9.html#09b http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart9.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jan15.html http://www.loc.gov/wiseguide/jan03/kingjr.html http://www.archives.gov/northeast/nyc/exhibits/mlk.html http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/memphis-v-mlk/ http://www.guardian.co.uk/fromthearchive/story/0,12269,804634,00.html http://century.guardian.co.uk/1960-1969/Story/0,6051,105659,00.html http://www.nps.gov/malu/forteachers/otherresources.htm http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.html
Malcolm X 1925-1965
Description: Malcolm X Source: Library of Congress.
New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection. Date: 1964
Author: Ed Ford, World Telegram staff photographer
TITLE: [Martin Luther King and Malcolm X waiting for press
conference]
Malcolm X speaking at a rally in front of Lewis Micheaux's National Memorial African Bookstore in Harlem in 1960 Museum Review 'Malcolm X: A Search for Truth' > The Personal Evolution of a Civil Rights Giant By EDWARD ROTHSTEIN NYT Published: May 19, 2005
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/malcolm_x/index.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/malcolm-x
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/07/malcolm-x-man-behind-myth
http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/
http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/ http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/13/nyregion/thecity/13disp.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1492122,00.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1486997,00.html http://century.guardian.co.uk/1960-1969/Story/0,,105659,00.html http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/19/arts/design/19malccut.html http://www.nypl.org/research/sc/sc.html http://books.guardian.co.uk/extracts/story/0,,720904,00.html http://film.guardian.co.uk/Guardian_NFT/interview/0,,110565,00.html http://film.guardian.co.uk/Film_Page/0,,-80882,00.html http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/malcolmx.htm http://www.guardian.co.uk/greatinterviews/malcolmx/0,,2154662,00.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/people/malcolmx.shtml http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4277833.stm
Voting Rights Act 1965
By 1965 concerted efforts to break the grip of state disfranchisement had been under way for some time, but had achieved only modest success overall and in some areas had proved almost entirely ineffectual. The murder of voting-rights activists in Philadelphia, Mississippi, gained national attention, along with numerous other acts of violence and terrorism.
Finally, the unprovoked attack on March 7, 1965, by state troopers on peaceful marchers crossing the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, en route to the state capitol in Montgomery, persuaded the President and Congress to overcome Southern legislators' resistance to effective voting rights legislation. President Johnson issued a call for a strong voting rights law and hearings began soon thereafter on the bill that would become the Voting Rights Act.
Congress determined that the existing federal anti-discrimination laws were not sufficient to overcome the resistance by state officials to enforcement of the 15th Amendment [ In 1870 the 15th Amendment was ratified, which provided specifically that the right to vote shall not be denied or abridged on the basis of race, color or previous condition of servitude. This superseded state laws that had directly prohibited black voting. Congress then enacted the Enforcement Act of 1870, which contained criminal penalties for interference with the right to vote, and the Force Act of 1871, which provided for federal election oversight ].
The legislative hearings showed that the Department of Justice's efforts to eliminate discriminatory election practices by litigation on a case-by-case basis had been unsuccessful in opening up the registration process; as soon as one discriminatory practice or procedure was proven to be unconstitutional and enjoined, a new one would be substituted in its place and litigation would have to commence anew. http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php [ http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_a.php ]
http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/intro/intro_b.php http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/subjects/v/voting_rights_act_1965/index.html
James Meredith
TITLE: Integration at Ole Miss[issippi] Univ[ersity] SUMMARY: Photograph shows James Meredith walking to class accompanied by U.S. marshals. MEDIUM: 1 negative : film. CREATED/PUBLISHED: 1962 Oct. 1. CREATOR: Trikosko, Marion S., photographer. REPOSITORY: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
DIGITAL ID: (digital file from original) ppmsca 04292
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?pp/PPALL:@field(NUMBER+@1(ppmsca+04292))
The Civil Rights Era in the U.S. News & World Report Photographs
Collection
Oxford, Mi African-Amer. student James Meredith accompanied by two US Marshalls, surrounded by jeering white students after registering for entry at Univ. of Mississippi. Location: Oxford, MS, US Date taken: September 1962 Photographer: Francis Miller
Life Images
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAmeredith.htm http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/6/newsid_3009000/3009967.stm http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0818.html
Rosa Parks 1913-2005
Rosa Parks. Photograph by Associated Press. 1964 Location:New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper (NYWTS) Reproduction Number: LC-USZ62-109426 Note: No copyright found; checked by Library of Congress staff, December 2000.
United States Library of Congress.
Wikipedia
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAparksR.htm http://www.time.com/time/time100/heroes/profile/parks01.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,12271,1600274,00.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,12271,1600197,00.html http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/25/national/25parks.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec01.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4374288.stm http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4973548
George Corley Wallace Jr. 1919-1998
Time Covers - The 60S Time cover: 09-27-1963 of Gov. George Wallace. Date taken: September 27, 1963 Life Images
Governor George Wallace attempting to block integration at the University of Alabama by "standing in the door"--scene outside Foster Auditorium
Tuscaloosa, Alabama, June 11,
1963.
http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_wallac.html http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/sept98/wallace.htm http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wallace/ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1294680 http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=4675 http://www.cnn.com/US/9809/14/wallace.obit/ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/sept98/wallace.htm http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/w/george_c_wallace/index.html
Wartime race riots between blacks and whites Detroit, MI, US June 1943
African American men rounded up after wartime race riots between blacks and whites which swept the city and required the use of Army troops and martial law to quell. Location: Detroit, MI, US Date taken: June 20, 1943 Photographer: Gordon Coster Life Images
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eleanor/peopleevents/pande10.html
KU Klux Klan / K.K.K.
The member saluting the American flag and then the Confederate flag during the Ku Klux Klan's secret membership ritual. Location: Atlanta, GA, US Date taken: May 1946 Photographer: Ed Clark
Life Images
http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/organizations/k/ku_klux_klan/index.html http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/29/us/politics/29byrd.html http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/21/us/21carter.html http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/22/us/22mayor.html http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/18/us/18griffin.html http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06EED7103DF931A25752C1A96E9C8B63 http://select.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/nyregion/21nyc.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,,2054195,00.html http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/18/AR2005061801105.html http://www.slate.com/id/2258661
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 "separate but equal" 1896
http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0163_0537_ZS.html http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/pubs/A5/wolff.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may18.html http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_plessy.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may18.html
The Civil Rights Era in the U.S. News & World Report Photographs Collection Selected Images from the Collections of the Library of Congress
http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/084_civil.html
Library of Congress Photographs of Signs Enforcing Racial Discrimination:
Documentation by Farm Security
Administration-Office of War Information Photographers
Memphis, Tennessee. September 1943. Esther Bubley, photographer. "People waiting for a bus at the Greyhound bus terminal." [Sign: "White Waiting Room."] Location: E-5153
Reproduction Number: LC-USW3-37973-E
http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/list/085_disc.html
Related
Anglonautes > History > USA > 17th-19th century > Slavery Anglonautes > History > USA > 19th century > Civil war (1861-1865)
Anglonautes > Vocabulary > USA > Racism Anglonautes > Vocabulary > USA > Slavery
Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King > Timeline
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