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Map of the Holocaust in Europe during World War II, 1939-1945. This map shows all extermination camps (or death camps), most major concentration camps, labor camps, prison camps, ghettos, major deportation routes and major massacre sites. Wikipedia
20 December 2007(2007-12-20)
Map of Eastern Europe, indicating locations of major Nazi concentration and death camps. Cartography by Jen Rosenberg. Map copyright 1998, 1999, and 2000 Jen Rosenberg.
Base map courtesy the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.
This page contains extremely graphic scenes of human suffering. please exercise caution when viewing
Germany Wöbbelin concentration camp
The Wöbbelin camp, near the city of Ludwigslust, was a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp. The SS had established Wöbbelin in early February 1945 to house concentration camp prisoners whom the SS had evacuated from other camps to prevent their liberation by the Allies. At its height, Wöbbelin held some 5,000 inmates, many of whom were suffering from starvation and disease. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10006160
American soldiers liberating prisoners from the Nazi concentration camp at the end of WWII. Location: Woebbelin, Germany Date taken: 1945
Life Images
http://www.ushmm.org/remembrance/dor/years/2010/poster/liberation.pdf http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_ph.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10006160&MediaId=3766 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10006160
Memories of the Holocaust / Holocaust survivors' stories
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/27/holocaust-memorial-day-memories http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/27/holocaust-memorial-day-zigi-shipper http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/27/holocaust-memorial-day-harry-spiro http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/27/holocaust-memorial-day-survivors-stories http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/27/holocaust-memorial-day-ben-helfgott http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/27/holocaust-memorial-day-martin-stern http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/27/holocaust-memorial-day-kitty-hart-moxon
The Middle East after the second world war
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/11/israel-palestine-second-world-war
Holocaust of Gardelegen April 13, 1945
Following the U.S. Army's crossing of the Rhine River and push into central Germany, the SS camp administration at Dora-Mittelbau ordered the evacuation of prisoners from the main camp and a number of its affiliated subcamps on April 3 and 4th.
The goal was to transport the inmates by train or by foot to the concentration camps in Bergen-Belsen, Sachsenhausen, or Neuengamme. Within days, some 4,000 prisoners from Dora-Mittelbau, its satellite camps, and a Neuengamme subcamp arrived in the Gardelegen area, where they had to dismount from the freight cars because the trains could not advance any further due to air raid damage to the rail lines. Greatly outnumbered by the prisoners, the SS guards began recruiting auxiliary forces from the local fire department, the air force, the aged home guard, the Hitler Youth, and other organizations to watch over the inmates.
On April 13th, more than a thousand prisoners, many of them sick and too weak to march any further, were taken from the town of Gardelegen to a large barn on the Isenschnibbe estate and forced inside the building. The assembled guards then barricaded the doors and set fire to gasoline-soaked straw.
The holocaust of Gardelegen took place on April 13. German SS guards tried to burn between 500 and 1, 000 prisoners to prevent their being liberated by advancing Americans. There are approximately 150 corpses on the warehouse floor. In the background are three soldiers of the US 9th Army who took Gardelegen on April 17 and found the building still burning. Location: Gardelegen, Germany Date taken: April 17, 1945 Photographer: William Vandivert
Life Images
This victim of Nazi inhumanity still rests in the position in which he died, attempting to rise and escape his horrible death. He was one of 150 prisoners savagely burned to death by Nazi SS troops. Sgt. E. R. Allen, Gardelegen, Germany, April 16, 1945. 111-SC-203572. Pictures of World War II US National Archives
Smoke still rising from corpses of prisoners at the concentration camp at Gardelegen who were burned alive by their Nazi captors. Location: Gardelegen, Germany Date taken: April 1945 Photographer: William Vandivert Life Images
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10006173
WWII casualties Civilian and Military Deaths in the Second World War National Death Tolls for the Second World War
http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/statistics.htm http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/ww2stats.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2854730 http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/ww2/navy-casualties/ http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/ww2/army-casualties/
Nazi persecution of homosexuals Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camps
"Triangles roses" déportés pour homosexualité par les nazis
After taking power in 1933, the Nazis persecuted homosexuals as part of their so-called moral crusade to racially and culturally purify Germany. This persecution ranged from dissolution of homosexual organizations to internment of thousands of individuals in concentration camps. Gay men, in particular, were subject to harassment, arrest, incarceration, and even castration. In Nazi eyes, gay men were weak and unfit to be soldiers, as well as unlikely to have children and thereby contribute to the racial struggle for Aryan dominance. http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/homosexuals/
http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/homosexuals/
http://fr.news.yahoo.com/d%C3%A9c%C3%A8s-dernier-d%C3%A9port%C3%A9-homosexualit%C3%A9-060948502.html
Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camps
Six million Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps of World War II, along with thousands of Gypsies, homosexuals, disabled people and political dissidents. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4262892.stm
Bones of anti-Nazi German women still are in the crematoriums in the German concentration camp at Weimar, Germany, taken by the 3rd U.S. Army. Prisoners of all nationalities were tortured and killed. Pfc. W. Chichersky, April 14, 1945. 111-SC- 203461. Pictures of World War II US National Archives
http://www.archives.gov/research/ww2/photos/images/ww2-182.jpg
Why the allies didn't bomb Auschwitz, the Nazis' biggest death camp
When the US war department was petitioned by Jewish representatives to bomb Auschwitz, it refused August 1944
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/auschwitz-allied-bomb-second-world-war
Poland Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination camp
Des enfants rescapés d'Auschwitz montrent leur tatouage après la libération du camp.
Les enfants d'Auschwitz
Libération.fr 20.1.2005
Leon Greenman
On January 27 1945, Soviet soldiers advancing through Poland discovered the largest and most lethal of Hitler's death camps: Auschwitz.
Sixty years on, a survivor of the camp tells Stephen Moss his story
Le poste de garde principal du camp d'Auschwitz prise des soldats de l'Armée rouge Les prisonniers l'appelaient «la porte de la mort». C'était le terminus des trains emmenant les juifs vers ce camp de la mort. La voie ferrée avait été construite en 1944.
"La porte de la mort"
Libération.fr 20.1.2005
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005189 http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=1
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/11/i-escaped-from-auschwitz http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/27/opinion/l27auschwitz.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/19/arts/19auschwitz.html http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/29/opinion/29pisar.html http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/24/world/europe/24auschwitz.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/auschwitz-helen-waterford-holocaust http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/auschwitz-allied-bomb-second-world-war http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/january/27/newsid_4184000/4184147.stm http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1272/is_2730_134/ai_n16108097 http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,1389432,00.html http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/31 http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/27/a1913627.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2004/12_december/03/auschwitz_prog5.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/launch_ani_auschwitz_map.shtml
Rudolf Franz Ferdinand Höss / Höß / Hoess 1900-1947
Commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp who presided over the murder of 2.5 million inmates and the death of 500,000 more from starvation and disease http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/16/whitney-harris-obituary
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/11/i-escaped-from-auschwitz http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/16/whitney-harris-obituary http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/2003-05/paper.pdf http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/magazine/lives-the-interpreter.html
Auschwitz through the lens of the SS: Photos of Nazi leadership at the camp
http://www.ushmm.org/research/collections/highlights/auschwitz/
Near Hanover, Germany Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
'I have never seen such horror in my life' Sixty years on, the world must not forget Belsen, says liberator
The Guardian p. 19
14.4.2005
Belsen Extermination Camp Young German boy walking down dirt road lined w. corpses of hundreds of prisoners who died of starvation nr. Bergen Belsen extermination camp. Location: Bergen-Belsen, Germany Date taken: April 20, 1945 Photographer: George Rodger
Life Images
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/arts/design/22abro.html
1945
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/15/newsid_3557000/3557341.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1289937.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/user/83/u747283.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/96/a2795196.shtml http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005224 http://www.guardian.co.uk/germany/article/0,2763,1458977,00.html
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005224
Germany Buchenwald extermination camp
Buchenwald Concentration Camp Ghastly view of the charred, boney remains of a prisoner inside Buchenwald cremation oven, on display for German civilians forced to view Nazi atrocities found by Amer. forces after they liberated this camp. Location: Buchenwald, Germany Date taken: April 13, 1945 Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White Life Images
A truck load of bodies of prisoners of the Nazis, in the Buchenwald concentration camp at Weimar, Germany. The bodies were about to be disposed of by burning when the camp was captured by troops of the 3rd U.S. Army. Pfc. W. Chichersky, April 14, 1945. 111-SC-203464. Pictures of World War II US National Archives
Buchenwald Concentration Camp Emaciated concentration camp inmate lying almost naked on table as Czech doctor (R) prepares to examine him while other former camp inmates surround him awaiting treatment. Location: Buchenwald, Germany Date taken: April 13, 1945 Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White Life Images
1945 http://century.guardian.co.uk/1940-1949/Story/0,,127783,00.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/4421105.stm http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005198
Aribert Ferdinand Heim / Doctor Death "physician" at the Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen and Mauthausen concentration camps http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/feb/05/nazi-doctor-death-cairo http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/05/world/africa/05nazi.html
Germany Dachau extermination camp
Schutzhaftlager Dachau.- Besuch der NSDAP, Himmler 8 Mai 1936
Wikipedia
Primary Source
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=7 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERdachau.htm
1934 http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/1934/jan/01/thefarright.uk http://century.guardian.co.uk/year/0,,128333,00.html
Germany Dora-Mittelbau / Dora-Nordhausen / Nordhausen Extermination camp
Freed prisoner, face twisted w. grief & relief, after the Nordhausen concentration camp was liberated by Allied troops. Location: Nordhausen, Germany Date taken: April 1945 Photographer: John Florea
Life Images
American soldiers walking past rows and rows of corpses at the Nordhausen concentration camp just after its liberation. Location: Nordhausen, Germany Date taken: April 1945 Photographer: John Florea Life Images
German civilians being forced by the Allies to bury prisoners killed at the Nordhausen concentration camp. Location: Nordhausen, Germany Date taken: April 1945 Photographer: John Florea Life Images
German male civilians being forced by the Allies to dig graves for the prisoners killed at the Nordhausen concentration camp. Location: Nordhausen, Germany Date taken: April 1945 Photographer: John Florea Life Images
German civilians being forced by the Allies to bury prisoners killed at the Nordhausen concentration camp. Location: Nordhausen, Germany Date taken: April 1945 Photographer: John Florea Life Images
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005322 http://www.ena.lu/camp_concentration_nordhausen_allemagne_12_avril_1945-010704811.html Rows_of_bodies_of_dead_inmates_fill_the_yard_of_Lager_Nordhausen%2C_a_Gestapo_concentration_camp.jpg
Near Linz, Austria Mauthausen-Gusen Extermination camp
Some of the bodies being removed by German civilians for decent burial at Gusen Concentration Camp, Muhlhausen, near Linz, Austria. Men were worked in nearby stone quarries until too weak for more, then killed. T4c. Sam Gilbert, May 12, 1945. 111-SC- 204811. Pictures of World War II US National Archives
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005196 http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/47/a7871547.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/user/82/u1936982.shtml http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jan/28/secondworldwar.lukeharding
Ebensee extermination camp > subcamp of the Mauthausen camp Austria SS doctor Aribert Heim
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2009/feb/05/war-crimes-nazi-holocaust http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_ph.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10006175&MediaId=3847 http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/smexterm.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/forgive_03.shtml http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/feb/05/nazi-doctor-death-cairo
North-eastern Poland Sobibor death camp
Nazi guard John Demjanjuk
http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/d/john_demjanjuk/index.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/13/world/europe/13nazi.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/dec/01/holocaust-survivors-john-demjanjuk-trial http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jul/03/john-demjanjuk-trial-sobibor-death-camp http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/may/12/john-demnanjuk-extradited-germany http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/11/demjanjuk-extradition-request http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2001/jul/27/artsfeatures http://film.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/Critic_Review/Observer_review/0,,866033,00.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2002/12/13/sobibor_2002_review.shtml http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1673471.stm http://www.cahiersducinema.com/article173.html
Film documentaire Hitler et ses rançonneurs (Allemagne, 2011, 52mn) Réalisateur: Caroline Schmidt, Stefan Aust, Thomas Ammann
"Juifs d'échange" : c'est ainsi que les nazis désignaient les prisonniers juifs qui, par leur valeur marchande, leur étaient plus utiles vivants que morts. C'est un chapitre peu connu de l'histoire de la Shoah.
Dès 1943, Himmler (1900-1945) orchestre un juteux trafic : certains déportés, qui par leur nationalité ou leurs relations avaient un lien avec l'étranger, sont échangés contre des Allemands, des armes, ou simplement rachetés.
Au coeur du système, le camp de Bergen-Belsen, où sont regroupés ces juifs jugés "utiles". Mais quand les nazis voient la défaite approcher, la vie de ces marchandises humaines n'a plus guère d'importance... http://www.arte.tv/fr/programmes/242,dayPeriod=evening.html#anchor_4093268
http://www.arte.tv/fr/programmes/242,dayPeriod=evening.html#anchor_4093268
Italy Bolzano, Nazi concentration / transit camp in northern Italy
In October and November 1943, German authorities rounded up Jews in Rome, Milan, Genoa, Florence, Trieste, and other major cities in northern Italy.
They established police transit camps at Fossoli di Carpi, approximately 12 miles north of Modena, at Bolzano in northeastern Italy, and at Borgo San Dalmazzo, near the French border, to concentrate the Jews prior to deportation. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005455
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/09/world/europe/09seifert.html http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005455
The Nazis wasted little time after pushing into Lithuania in June, 1941. The Jews of Zagare were herded into a ghetto. Almost 1,000 Jews from nearby towns, including Siauliai, were forced to join them. On Oct. 2, 1941, they were ordered into the main square before being taken into the woods for execution
by Nazi SS killers and their Lithuanian
accomplices. that 2,236 Jews were killed in Zagare. In 1944, the Soviets, having fought their way back, examined a mass grave and found 2,402 corpses (530 men, 1,223 women, 625 children, 24 babies). http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/opinion/cohen-the-last-jew-in-zagare.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/opinion/cohen-the-last-jew-in-zagare.html
France Camp de concentration de Natzweiler May 1941 - March 1945
Le camp central, seul camp de concentration sur le territoire français, est situé en ce qui était alors l'Alsace annexée. Sa nébuleuse de camps annexes, répartie des 2 côtés du Rhin, est composée d'un réseau de près de 70 camps, plus ou moins grands. http://www.struthof.fr/fr/le-kl-natzweiler/introduction-a-lhistoire-du-camp/
Les déportés du Kl-Natzweiler, arrivés de toute l’Europe, proviennent de tous les horizons. En grande majorité, ce sont des déportés politiques, dont les « Nacht und Nebel », mais aussi des Juifs, Tziganes, homosexuels…
The Germans established the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp near the town of Natzweiler, about 31 miles southwest of Strasbourg, the capital of the province of Alsace (in eastern France). It was one of the smaller concentration camps built by the Germans.
Until construction was completed in May 1941, prisoners slept in the nearby former Hotel Struthof, hence the name Natzweiler-Struthof. The camp held about 1,500 prisoners. Prisoners worked in nearby granite quarries, in construction projects, and in the maintenance of the camp.
Beginning in the summer of 1943, the Germans detained many "Night and Fog" prisoners in Natzweiler-Struthof. The "Night and Fog" (Nacht und Nebel) operation represented a German attempt to subdue growing anti-German resistance in western Europe. Suspected resistance fighters were arrested and their families were not notified; the prisoners simply disappeared into the "Night and Fog." Many prisoners in the Natzweiler-Struthof camp were members of the French resistance.
In August 1943, a gas chamber was constructed in Natzweiler-Struthof in one of the buildings that had formed part of the hotel compound. The bodies of more than 80 Jewish prisoners gassed at Natzweiler-Struthof were sent to the Strasbourg University Institute of Anatomy. There, anatomist Dr. August Hirt amassed a large collection of Jewish skeletons in order to establish Jewish "racial inferiority" by means of anthropological study.
The gas chamber was also used in pseudoscientific medical experiments involving poison gas. The victims of these experiments were primarily Roma (Gypsies) who had been transferred from Auschwitz. Prisoners were also subjected to experiments involving treatment for typhus and yellow fever. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007260
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007260 http://www.struthof.fr/fr/le-kl-natzweiler/les-deportes-du-kl-natzweiler/ http://www.crdp-reims.fr/memoire/enseigner/natzweiler_struthof/menu.htm http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/page/affichelieu.php?idLieu=981&idLang=fr http://www.ina.fr/fresques/jalons/notice/InaEdu03085/le-camp-de-concentration-de-natzwiller-struthof
http://www.lemonde.fr/depeches/2010/09/25/
Poland Chelmno Death Camp established December 7, 1941
http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/chelmno.html http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005194 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_cm.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005194&MediaId=130 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/holocaust_overview_01.shtml
Jan Karski 1914-2000
Polish resistance hero who risked his life bringing evidence of the Holocaust to the west
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Karski http://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2010/01/25/polemique-autour-de-jan-karski_1296377_3260.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2000/jul/15/guardianobituaries1 http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/15/world/jan-karski-dies-at-86-warned-west-about-holocaust.html http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/17/classified/paid-notice-deaths-karski-jan.html
Czechoslovakia Theresienstadt camp, outside Prague
The Theresienstadt "camp-ghetto" existed for three and a half years, between November 24, 1941 and May 9, 1945.
During its existence, Theresienstadt served
three purposes:
1) First, Theresienstadt served as a transit camp for Czech Jews whom the Germans deported to killing centers, concentration camps, and forced-labor camps in German-occupied Poland, Belorussia, and the Baltic States.
2) Second, it was a ghetto-labor camp to which the SS deported and then incarcerated certain categories of German, Austrian, and Czech Jews, based on their age, disability as a result of past military service, or domestic celebrity in the arts and other cultural life. To mislead about or conceal the physical annihilation of the Jews deported from the Greater German Reich, the Nazi regime employed the general fiction, primarily inside Germany, that the deported Jews would be deployed at productive labor in the East. Since it seemed implausible that elderly Jews could be used for forced labor,
the Nazis used Theresienstadt to hide the
nature of the deportations.
3) Third, Theresienstadt served as a holding pen for Jews in the above-mentioned groups. It was expected that that poor conditions there would hasten the deaths of many deportees, until the SS and police could deport the survivors to killing centers in the East.
Neither a "ghetto" as such nor strictly a concentration camp, Theresienstadt served as a “settlement,” an assembly camp, and a concentration camp, and thus had recognizable features of both ghettos and concentration camps. In its function as a tool of deception, Theresienstadt was a unique facility. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005424
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005424 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007463 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/19/world/europe/19gans.html
Belgium Breendonck Internment Camp
Flemish Nazi SS guard now himself a prisoner in Breendonk after Allied forces overran the notorious concentration camp. Location: Antwerp, Belgium Date taken: September 1944 Photographer: George Rodger Life Images
http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/breendonck.html
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005423
Transportation of Jews to concentration camps
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/holocaust-jewish-transports-concentration-camps
Concentration camps in France
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camps_in_France http://www.crdp-reims.fr/memoire/enseigner/natzweiler_struthof/menu.htm
Poland Skarzysko-Kamienna camp Forced labor camp for Jews, located in the Polish town of Skarzysko-Kamienna.
The camp belonged to the German Hasag concern. It was established in August 1942 and was liquidated on August 1, 1944. Altogether, 25,000--30,000 Jews were brought to Skarzysko-Kamienna, and between 18,000--23,000 perished there. http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206028.pdf
http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206028.pdf
Poland Plaszow concentration camp Schindler’s List Mieczyslaw Pemper (1920-2011) Oskar Schindler (1908-1974)
The Plaszow camp, established in 1942 under the authority of the SS and police leaders in Krakow (Cracow), was initially a forced-labor camp for Jews. The original site of the camp included two Jewish cemeteries. From time to time the SS enlarged the camp. It reached its maximum size in 1944, the same year that it became a concentration camp. Until that time, most of the camp guards were Ukrainian police auxiliaries chosen from among Soviet soldiers in German prisoner-of-war camps and trained at the Trawniki training camp in Lublin. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005301
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005301 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/19/world/europe/19pemper.html http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/schindler/
500,000 Gypsies who died in Hitler's death camps http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/nov/29/secondworldwar.biography
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/nov/29/secondworldwar.biography http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2004/jun/23/secondworldwar.internationalnews http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/aug/18/artsandhumanities.germany
Adolf Eichmann, SS architect of final solution 1906-1962
Eichmann Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in his cell at Djalameh Jail; Haifa. Location: Haifa, Israel Date taken: 1961 Photographer: Gjon Mili
Life Images
The Eichmann verdict
Adolf Otto
Eichmann (March 19, 1906
-- May 31, 1962)
YouTube > Doc Online
http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/e/adolf_eichmann/index.html http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007412
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/11/eichmann-sought-trial-germany-1956 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/jun/08/secondworldwar.usa http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/april/11/newsid_2931000/2931889.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/11/newsid_2476000/2476225.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/features/mycentury/wk20.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/eichmann_01.shtml http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/665219.stm http://century.guardian.co.uk/1960-1969/Story/0,,105516,00.html http://www.youtube.com/user/EichmannTrial http://www.youtube.com/user/EichmannTrialEN
After the Wannsee Conference in January 1942, the Nazis begin the systematic deportation of Jews from all over Europe to six extermination camps established in former Polish territory -- Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and Majdanek
http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa071101a.htm http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1533 http://www.holocaust-history.org/hitler-final-solution/ http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERfinal.htm http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/11/22/world/europe/AP-EU-Germany-Nazi-Suspect.html http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/history/0,6121,1222639,00.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/hitler_audio.shtml http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/holocaust-wannsee-final-solution
Wannsee conference January 1942
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/holocaust-wannsee-final-solution
Once the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 the mass killing of Jews began. Mobile killing units known as Einsatzgruppen conducted mass shootings. With the assistance of the German army and police battalions, as well as Lithuanian, Ukrainian, Latvian and Belorussian auxiliaries, the Einsatzgruppen murdered approximately 1 to 1.5 million Jews.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/holocaust-analysis-deborah-lipstadt-germany http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/feb/22/history-holocaust-books-jonathan-littell
Romania Bucharest 1941
Painter Hedwig Lindenberg / Hedda Sterne (1910-2011) narrowly escaped a roundup and massacre of Jews at her apartment building and fled Bucharest for New York
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/12/arts/design/hedda-sterne-artist-of-many-styles-dies-at-100.html
Greece lost more of its Jewish population in the Final Solution, proportionately, than almost any other country in Europe during the second world war.
Around 65,000 men, women and children were dispatched to their deaths in Auschwitz between 1941 and 1944. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/09/athens-holocaust-memorial
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/may/09/athens-holocaust-memorial
Un espion au coeur de la chimie nazie : Zyklon B - Les Américains savaient-ils ? Allemagne, 2010, 52mn, WDR Réalisateur: Egmont R. Koch, Scott Christianson
Au-delà de l'histoire du gaz Zyklon B qui permit d'exterminer des centaines de milliers de juifs, une enquête sur les relations étranges qu'entretenaient industriels allemands et américains.
qui permit d'exterminer des centaines de milliers de juifs, une enquête sur les relations étranges qu'entretenaient industriels allemands et américains.
Le procédé pour fabriquer le gaz Zyklon B à base d'acide prussique était détenu par le trust allemand IG Farben, qui regroupait les plus grandes entreprises chimiques d'outre-Rhin.
De son côté, la firme américaine Dupont de Nemours, qui avait passé dès 1927 des accords avec IG Farben en matière de recherche et de développement, travaillait aussi sur l'acide prussique et avait déjà testé son produit en 1924 sur un condamné à mort.
Le 3 septembre 1941, les SS font une expérience de gazage sur des prisonniers de guerre soviétiques internés à Auschwitz. Parallèlement, Erwin Respondek, un économiste au service d'IG Farben qui désapprouvait la politique des nazis mais qui désapprouvait leur politique, commence à faire passer des informations sur les gaz asphyxiants allemands via l'ambassade américaine située tout près de son bureau berlinois. Mais le gouvernement américain ne semble guère s'en préoccuper...
De Berlin à Bâle, de la Bavière au lac des Quatre-Cantons, une enquête fouillée qui veut aussi réhabiliter la mémoire d'Erwin Respondek, un Juste à sa manière http://www.arte.tv/fr/semaine/244,broadcastingNum=1336642,day=4,week=45,year=2011.html
http://www.arte.tv/fr/semaine/244,broadcastingNum=1336642,day=4,week=45,year=2011.html
Initiating the Final Solution The Fateful Months of September–October 1941
http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/2003-05/paper.pdf
Film documentaire Modus Operandi - L'Holocauste Belge (Belgique, 2008, 98mn) Réalisateur: Hugues Lanneau
les fonctionnaires et responsables politiques belges
ont collaboré avec l'occupant nazi pour déporter les juifs. retrace la mise en place d'un dispositif de répression qui, avec la complicité des fonctionnaires belges, a mené à la déportation de près de 25 000 juifs, dont à peine 5 % ont survécu.
En mai 1940, les nazis envahissent la Belgique. Le gouvernement fuit à Londres, laissant l'administration gérer le quotidien de l'occupation. À la manière d'un piège qui se referme, les mesures discriminatoires contre les juifs vont aller crescendo, comme dans le reste de l'Europe : diabolisation dans le discours, exclusion des lieux publics, interdiction d'exercer certaines professions, port obligatoire de l'étoile jaune, etc. L'administration belge va appliquer les ordres de l'occupant et parfois même les devancer, facilitant les premières rafles, qui surviennent en 1942. Les images d'archives, les témoignages d'une dizaine de rescapés wallons et flamands ainsi que les photos des déportés appuient la réalité abstraite des chiffres énoncés tout au long du film et donnent des visages aux vingt-six convois ayant quitté la Belgique pour Auschwitz.
Le documentaire soulève un point sensible de l'histoire nationale : les responsabilités de l'administration belge ont longtemps été niées et les rares personnes jugées ont bénéficié de non-lieux ou de remises de peine. Il faudra attendre les années 2000 pour voir attribuer des réparations matérielles aux victimes de l'holocauste en Belgique. http://www.arte.tv/fr/programmes/242,date=24/8/2011.html
http://www.arte.tv/fr/programmes/242,date=24/8/2011.html
Vatican Pope Pius XII / Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli 1876-1958
Pope from 1939 to 1958 Pius XII never openly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews
Cesare Vincenzo Orsenigo 1873-1946 Apostolic Nuncio to Germany from 1930 to 1945
L to R: Orsenigo with Hitler and Joachim von Ribbentrop
12 January 1939
Primary source > Das Bundesarchiv
http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/p/pius_xii/index.html http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/01/17/world/AP-EU-Vatican-Pope-Jews.html http://www.independent.ie/topics/Pope+Pius+XII http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article4982334.ece
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1078579/ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7624455.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2611847.stm http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/31/us/new-look-at-pius-xii-s-views-of-nazis.html http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/21/world/pius-xii-said-to-feel-nazi-crimes-were-overstated.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Orsenigo
German director Veit Harlan's “Jew Süss,” perhaps the most notoriously anti-Semitic movie ever made 1940
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/02/movies/02suss.html
Beginning in July 1940, Bulgaria instituted anti-Jewish legislation.
Jews were excluded from public service, discriminated against in their choice of places of residence, and restricted economically. Marriage between Jews and non-Jews was prohibited.
During the war, German-allied Bulgaria did not deport Bulgarian Jews. Bulgaria did, however, deport non-Bulgarian Jews from the territories it had annexed from Yugoslavia and Greece.
In March 1943, Bulgarian authorities arrested all the Jews in Macedonia and Thrace. In Macedonia, formerly part of Yugoslavia, Bulgarian officials interned 7,000 Jews in a transit camp in Skopje. In Thrace, formerly a Bulgarian-occupied province of Greece, about 4,000 Jews were deported to Bulgarian assembly points at Gorna Dzhumaya and Dupnitsa and handed over to the Germans.
In all, Bulgaria deported over 11,000 Jews to German-held territory.
By the end of March 1943, most of them had been deported to the Treblinka extermination camp in Nazi-occupied Poland. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005451
Hitler/Jaeger File German soldiers in Sofia, Bulgaria. Location: Sofia, Bulgaria Date taken: March 1941 Photographer: Hugo Jaeger
Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers.
Life Images
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005451
Poland
Hitler/Jaeger File Jewish women and children in Gostynin Poland after the German invasion. Location: Gostynin, Poland Date taken: October 1939 Photographer: Hugo Jaeger
Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers.
Life Images
Czech Jews Enduring the Holocaust
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/27/movies/27transport.html
Netherlands Westerbork transit camp 1939-1945
The Westerbork camp was situated in the northeastern part of the Netherlands in the Dutch province of Drenthe, near the towns of Westerbork and Assen.
The Dutch government established a camp at Westerbork in October 1939 to intern Jewish refugees who had entered the Netherlands illegally.
The camp continued to function after the German invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940. In 1941 it had a population of 1,100 Jewish refugees, mostly from Germany.
From 1942 to 1944 Westerbork served as a transit camp for Dutch Jews before they were deported to extermination camps in German-occupied Poland. In early 1942, the Germans enlarged the camp. In July 1942 the German Security Police, assisted by an SS company and Dutch military police, took control of Westerbork. Erich Deppner was appointed camp commandant and Westerbork's role as a transit camp for deportations to the east began, with deportation trains leaving every Tuesday.
From July 1942 until September 3, 1944, the Germans deported 97,776 Jews from Westerbork: 54,930 to Auschwitz in 68 transports, 34,313 to Sobibor in 19 transports, 4,771 to the Theresienstadt ghetto in 7 transports, and 3,762 to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 9 transports. Most of those deported to Auschwitz and Sobibor were killed upon arrival. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005217
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005217
Poland / Hungary > 20th century > World War II > Antisemitism > Ghettos
Poland Stutthof concentration / extermination camp
In September 1939, the Germans established the Stutthof camp in a wooded area west of Stutthof (Sztutowo), a town about 22 miles east of Danzig (Gdansk). The area was secluded: to the north was the Bay of Danzig, to the east the Vistula Bay, and to the west the Vistula River. The land was very wet, almost at sea level. The camp was situated along the Danzig-Elbing highway on the way to the popular Baltic Sea resort town of Krynica Morska.
Originally, Stutthof was a civilian internment camp under the Danzig police chief. In November 1941, it became a "labor education" camp, administered by the German Security Police. Finally, in January 1942, Stutthof became a regular concentration camp.
The original camp (known as the old camp) was surrounded by barbed-wire fences. In 1943, the camp was enlarged and a new camp was constructed alongside the earlier one. It was surrounded by electrified barbed-wire fences. The camp staff consisted of SS guards and, after 1943, Ukrainian auxiliaries.
Tens of thousands of people, perhaps as many as 100,000, were deported to the Stutthof camp. The prisoners were mainly non-Jewish Poles. There were also Polish Jews from Warsaw and Bialystok, and Jews from forced-labor camps in the occupied Baltic states, which the Germans evacuated in 1944 as Soviet forces approached.
Conditions in the camp were brutal. Many prisoners died in typhus epidemics that swept the camp in the winter of 1942 and again in 1944. Those whom the SS guards judged too weak or sick to work were gassed in the camp's small gas chamber. Gassing with Zyklon B gas began in June 1944. Camp doctors also killed sick or injured prisoners in the infirmary with lethal injections.
More than 60,000 people died in the camp. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005197
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005197 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/25/arts/25pitt.html
On May 13, 1939, the German transatlantic liner St. Louis sailed from Hamburg, Germany, for Havana, Cuba. On the voyage were 938 passengers, one of whom was not a refugee. Almost all were Jews fleeing from the Third Reich. Most were German citizens, some were from Eastern Europe, and a few were officially "stateless." The majority of the Jewish passengers had applied for U.S. visas, and had planned to stay in Cuba only until they could enter the United States.
But by the time the St. Louis sailed, there were signs that political conditions in Cuba might keep the passengers from landing there. The U.S. State Department in Washington, the U.S. consulate in Havana, some Jewish organizations, and refugee agencies were all aware of the situation.
The passengers themselves were not informed;
most were compelled to return to Europe.
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005267
Germany Neuengamme concentration camp
The SS established Neuengamme in December 1938 as a subcamp of Sachsenhausen concentration camp. It was located on the grounds of an abandoned brickworks on the banks of the Dove-Elbe, a tributary of the Elbe River in the Hamburg suburb Neuengamme, in northern Germany. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005539
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005539
Germany Kristallnacht / Crystal Night Pogroms November 9-10, 1938
Hitler’s gangs attack Jewish property
http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=gvKVLcMVIuG&b=394679 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERcrystal.htm http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/kristallnacht/ http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/kristallnacht_02/ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/holocaust/peopleevents/pandeAMEX99.html http://www.holocaust-history.org/short-essays/kristallnacht.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/categories/c55365/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/51/a7184351.shtml http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/history/0,,1733982,00.html http://www.history.ucsb.edu/projects/holocaust/index.html http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/world/europe/10germany.html
The SS established the Sachsenhausen concentration camp as the principal concentration camp for the Berlin area.
Located near Oranienburg, north of Berlin, the Sachsenhausen camp opened on July 12, 1936, when the SS transferred 50 prisoners from the Esterwegen concentration camp to begin construction of the camp.
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005538
The persecution of Jews in Germany begins in
1933
Signature: "Bild 183-R99542" Deutschland unter dem faschistischen Terrorregime 1933-1945
Weltweit als Dokument der Schande für die Nazi-Schergen wurde
dieses Foto vom März 1933.
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R99542,_M%C3%BCnchen,_Judenverfolgung,_Michael_Siegel.jpg
Window of shop owned by Jewish merchant w. sign reading JUDEN GESCHAFT (Jewish owned business), sign is now required to be displayed by Nazi laws. Location: Linz Oberdonan, Germany Date taken: 1938
Life Images
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/holocaust-analysis-deborah-lipstadt-germany
German antisemitism before and after Hitler's rise to power
Hitler/Jaeger File Hitler at the Berghof, Obersalzburg. Location: Germany Date taken: 1938 Photographer: Hugo Jaeger
Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers. Life Images
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/jewish-persecution-holocaust-hitler http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/holocaust-wannsee-final-solution http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/holocaust-broken-glass-kristallnacht http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/09/german-antisemitism-holocaust-second-world-war
Antisemitism in the United States
http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0730.html http://theater.nytimes.com/mem/theater/treview.html?res=9E0CEFDC133FF930A15752C1A964958260 http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F20712FC3D5A1B7A93C2A8178DD85F458285F9 http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=FA0912FB345910738DDDAE0994D9415B808EF1D3 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2993242.stm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford
Europe Austria-Hungary Antisemitism 19th and Early 20th Centuries
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9805E4DC1431E733A25755C1A9679C94689ED7CF
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E07EEDB173CE433A25753C3A9639C94649ED7CF
http://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/antisemitism/19c_antisemitism.cfm http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E07EEDB173CE433A25753C3A9639C94649ED7CF http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9805E4DC1431E733A25755C1A9679C94689ED7CF http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521773083
Related
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USA / UK / Europe > 20th century > World War II > Antisemitism / Holocaust > Nuremberg trial France / Régime de Vichy > 20th century > World War II > Antisemitism / Collaboration Europe > Poland / Hungary > 20th century > World War II > Antisemitism > Ghettos Germany > 20th century > Nazi era
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United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Chronologie comparée de la Shoah
1933-1945
David Bankier, Scholar of Holocaust
“The Righteous Among the Nations”
Max Dax et Jan Kedves s’entretiennent
« Apocalypse » ou l’histoire malmenée
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Pourtant, avec la série documentaire « Apocalypse »,
Et il écarte nombre de contradictions relatives au rôle des démocraties.
keeper of the world’s largest Holocaust archive
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