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Berlin 1945 Excellent aerial view showing devastation and bombed out buildings over wide area of Communist, Russian controlled Berlin, extending north beyond its border of the Brandenburg Gate, following Allied capture of the city. Location: Berlin, Germany Date taken: July 1945 Photographer: William Vandivert Life Images
Berlin 1945 Large crowd of German citizens lined up on street waiting for bus w. bombed out buildings as a backdrop following Allied occupation of the city. Location: Berlin, Germany Date taken: July 1945 Photographer: William Vandivert
Life Images
Germany Battle of Berlin 1945 Red Army enters outskirts of Berlin 21 April 1945
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/21/newsid_3560000/3560175.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/berlin_01.shtml
Germany Bombing of Dresden, led by Royal Air Force
and followed by the United States Army Air
Force February 13-15, 1945
Dresden Streetcars running through ruins of bldgs. destroyed in 1945 allied fire bombing of city in post-WWII Russian zone. Location: Dresden, Germany Date taken: 1946 Photographer: William Vandivert Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4257253.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/14/newsid_3549000/3549905.stm http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWdresden.htm http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1411838,00.html http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1340160,00.html http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/history/0,6121,1142632,00.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1160568,00.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1977920,00.html
German Resistance to Hitler Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus Countess Freya von Moltke 1911-2010
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/07/freya-von-moltke-obituary
German Resistance to Hitler Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus
The Stauffenberg plot to kill Hitler July 1944 Count Claus von Stauffenberg 1907-1944
Count Claus von Stauffenberg
Mail Online 26.6.2007
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/10/stauffenberg-plot-germany-hitler http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005208
German Resistance to Hitler Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus Weiße Rose
In Munich in 1942, university students formed the White Rose resistance group. Its leaders, Hans Scholl, his sister Sophie Scholl, and professor Kurt Huber were arrested and executed in 1943 for the distribution of anti-Nazi leaflets. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005208
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005208 http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2005/oct/30/features.review6 http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/page/affichepage.php?idLang=&idPage=2557 http://www.gdw-berlin.de/bio/ausgabe_mit-e.php?id=323 http://www.ac-nancy-metz.fr/Academie/Esprit_defense/Rose_Blanche.pdf http://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/page/affichebiblio.php?idLang=fr&idBiblio=3470&idPage=15426
In early March 1941, Bulgaria joined the Axis alliance and, in April 1941, participated in the German-led attack on Yugoslavia and Greece. In return, Bulgaria received most of Thrace from Greece, and Macedonia as well as parts of eastern Serbia from Yugoslavia. Though Bulgaria participated in the Balkan Campaign, it refused to enter the war against the Soviet Union in June 1941 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005451
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005451
Romania the Straga Taree (Watch of the Country), a compulsory fascistic Rumanian Youth Organization
Romania Uniform-clad pupils at the Chisinau School for Girls giving the official salute of the Straga Taree (Watch of the Country), a compulsory fascistic Rumanian Youth Organization. Location: Chisinau, Bessarabia, Romania Date taken: February 1940 Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White
Life Images
Romania and Hungary joined the Tri-partite Pact - originally signed by Germany, Japan and Italy - in November 1940, as Hitler prepared his attack against Bolshevism on the Eastern Front.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1138501.shtml
France Hendaye Adolf Hitler meets Francisco Franco October 23, 1940
Smiling German ldr. Adolf Hitler (R) shaking hands w. Spanish leader Generalissimo Francisco Franco (2L) during Hitler's only official meeeting w. Franco. Location: Hendaye, France Date taken: October 23, 1940
Life Images
http://www.ina.fr/histoire-et-conflits/seconde-guerre-mondiale/video/AFE85000178/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_d32vTvpV7s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8iZx83C_bM
The economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/05/versailles-second-world-war
Germany invades Poland September 1, 1939
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3506000/3506335.stm http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?ModuleId=10005070 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005300 http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/wwii/ http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005069 http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7913.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7914.shtml
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact / Nazi-Soviet Pact
Treaty of Non-Aggression between the Third German Reich and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 23 / 24 August 1939
L to R: Stalin and Ribbentrop at the signing of the Pact 23 August 1939
Wikipedia
Primary source > Das Bundesarchiv
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8212451.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8214391.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/munich_rev2.shtml
Italy and Germany sign the Pact of Steel to help each other in the event of war 22 May 1939
http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/munich_rev2.shtml
The German army invade the rest of Czechoslovakia 15 March 1939
http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7911.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/munich_rev2.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/apps/ifl/scotland/learning/learningzone/showrecord?Id=3872 http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/endofappeasementrev1.shtml
Approach of war Munich Agreement Appeasement 1938-1939
The Anglo-German agreement is signed by Hitler and Chamberlain at Munich September 30, 1938
Prime minister Neville Chamberlain returns to Britain from Germany announcing that he has secured 'peace for our time' September 30 1938
Hitler/Jaeger File Oberwiesenfeld Airport in Munich during the time of the 1938 conference. Riding in car: Daladier (L) and Ribbentrop (R) Location: Munich, Germany Date taken: September 1938 Photographer: Hugo Jaeger
Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers.
Life Images
Related
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/05/chamberlain-munich-appeasement-second-world-war http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/system/topicRoot/The_Munich_Agreement_/ http://century.guardian.co.uk/year/0,6050,128337,00.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/secondworldwar/story/0,14058,1316341,00.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/fromthearchive/story/0,12269,1438796,00.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/30/newsid_3115000/3115476.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/britain/cen_munich.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/201.shtml?question=201 http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/30/newsid_3115000/3115476.stm http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/munich_rev2.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A51607118 http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7910.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7907.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7903.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/ww2outbreak/7904.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/apps/ifl/scotland/learning/learningzone/showrecord?Id=3870 http://www.bbc.co.uk/apps/ifl/scotland/learning/learningzone/showrecord?Id=3871
Nazi Germany Munich Führerbau
Hitler/Jaeger File The Fuhrerbau, Hitler's official residence in Munich, 1938. Location: Munich, Germany Date taken: September 1938 Photographer: Hugo Jaeger
Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers. Life Images
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbau
Anschluss Annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi regime March 12, 1938
A view of the first movies house to open showing German propaganda film based on the life of Horst Wessel and was called "Hitler Junge Quex." Location: Vienna, Austria Date taken: 1937 Photographer: John Phillips
Life Images
A view of signs promoting Aryan businesses. Location: Vienna, Austria Date taken: 1937 Photographer: John Phillips
Life Images
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005447 http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/bibliography/index.php?content=anschluss http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/201.shtml?question=201 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWanschluss.htm
Partition of Czechoslovakia 1938-1939
http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/bitesize/higher/history/roadwar/munich_rev2.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/apps/ifl/scotland/learning/learningzone/showrecord?Id=2473
German-Japanese Treaty Berlin and Tokio announce their pact November 1936
http://century.guardian.co.uk/1930-1939/Story/0,,127041,00.html
Germany begins rearming and invades the Rhineland up to the French border 1936
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwtwo/overview_britain_1918_1945_03.shtml http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=536
Anglo-German Naval Agreement June 18, 1935
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement
Karl Doenitz 1891-1980
From 1939, Karl Doenitz was Commander of Germany's U-Boat fleet. In 1943, Doenitz was appointed Commander in Chief of the German War Navy, and in May 1945, after Hitler committed suicide, Doenitz was appointed Reich President. [ At Nuremberg ] Doenitz was found guilty on counts two and three (crimes against peace and war crimes) and was sentenced to ten years imprisonment. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007107
Time Covers - The 40S TIME cover 05-10-1943 ill. of German Admiral Karl Doenitz. Date taken: May 10, 1943 Photographer: Boris Artzybasheff
Life Images
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007107
Rudolf Hess 1894-1987 was a longstanding personal aide to Hitler, and deputy party leader of the Nazi party (until 1941). In May 1941, Hess flew to Scotland hoping to make peace between Germany and Britain. He was immediately arrested and imprisoned. Hess was found guilty on counts one (conspiracy) and two (crimes against peace) and sentenced to life imprisonment. Hess was the only one of the defendants to serve the full life term; he committed suicide in prison at age 93. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007113
Inside minimum security prison at Fortress of Landsberg are (L) Adolf Hitler & (2R) visitor Rudolf Hess w. other unident. prisoners. Location: Germany Date taken: 1924
Life Images
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007113
Albert Speer 1905-1981 was a trained architect. After joining the Nazi party in 1930, Speer became Hitler's personal architect. In 1942, he was named Minister of Armaments and Munitions, assuming significant responsibility for the German war economy. In this position, Speer used millions of forced laborers to raise economic production. Speer was found guilty on counts three and four (war crimes and crimes against humanity) and sentenced to 20 years in prison. He was released in 1966. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007128
Hitler/Jaeger File Top Nazi Party members march in remembrance of 1923 Beer Hall Putsch (front, L-R) Friedrich Weber, Hermann Goering, Adolf Hitler, unident. (Martin Bormann?), Julius Streicher; (back, L-R) Albert Speer, Walter Schultze, Alfred Rosenberg & unidents. Location: Munich, Germany Date taken: November 09, 1938 Photographer: Hugo Jaeger
Life Images
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007128
Wernher von Braun 1912-1977
German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun, born in 1912 in Wirsitz, Germany, took an early interest in rockets and the possibility of space exploration. As a young man, he joined the German Rocket Society (Verein fur Raumschiffahrt). In 1932, von Braun joined the German army to work on the development of ballistic missiles. By 1937, he was the head of the Peenemeunde Rocket Center and leader of the Nazi rocket program that eventually developed the V-1 “buzz bomb” and the deadly V-2, the world’s first ballistic missile. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/features/hunt-for-nazi-scientists/wernher-von-braun/101/
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/features/hunt-for-nazi-scientists/wernher-von-braun/101/ http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/bio.html http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/18/us/18haeussermann.html
Adolf Eichmann 1906-1962 One of the most pivotal actors in the deportation of European Jewry during the Holocaust. [ . . . ] At war's end, Eichmann found himself in U.S. custody, but escaped in 1946.
In the end, he succeeded, with the help of Catholic Church officials, in fleeing to Argentina. There he lived under a number of aliases, most famously Ricardo Klement.
In 1960, agents of the Israeli Security Service (Mossad) abducted Eichmann and brought him to Israel to stand trial. The proceedings before a district court in Jerusalem drew international attention, and historians roundly credit coverage of the trial (famously in Hannah Arendt's Eichmann in Jerusalem) with awakening public interest in the Holocaust.
On December 15, 1961, Eichmann was found guilty of crimes against the Jewish people. He was hanged at midnight between May 31 and June 1, 1962; Jewish authorities cremated his remains and scattered his ashes in the sea beyond Israeli boundary waters. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007412
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007412 http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/e/adolf_eichmann/index.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/03/world/middleeast/03landau.html
Fritz Sauckel 1894-1946 was Plenipotentiary General for the Deployment of Labor. Sauckel was responsible for providing forced laborers to meet Germany's increasing war production needs. Under his authority, the Germans deported millions of forced laborers from the occupied territories to Germany. He was found guilty on counts three and four (war crimes and crimes against humanity) and sentenced to death. Sauckel was hanged on October 16, 1946. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/es/article.php?ModuleId=10007124
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/es/article.php?ModuleId=10007124
Alfred Rosenberg 1893-1946 was official chief Nazi philosopher, head of the Nazi party's foreign affairs department, and Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories. Rosenberg established an organization whose mission was to loot and confiscate cultural treasures from all over Europe and bring them to Germany. As Reich Minister for the Occupied East, he played a role in the annihilation of Soviet Jews and the deportation of other Soviet civilians for forced labor. Rosenberg was found guilty on all four counts (conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity) and sentenced to death. He was hanged on October 16, 1946. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007123
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007123
Martin Bormann 1900-1945 became the chief of staff for Rudolf Hess, Hitler's deputy, in 1933. Virtually unknown to the German public, Bormann as a close assistant to Hitler was a powerful force behind the scenes in internal politics. Following Hess' flight to Great Britain, Bormann became head of the Party Chancellery (1941) and, officially in 1943, Secretary to the Fuehrer. His hand could be seen in an array of domestic policies, including the murder of the Jews, the "euthanasia" effort, the plunder of artwork, and the expansion of forced-labor programs. He also signed a series of edicts ordering deportations of Jews to the east. Bormann died in an effort to flee Berlin in the last days of World War II, but was long thought to be at large. He was tried in absentia at Nuremberg, where he was sentenced to death. West German authorities officially declared him dead in 1973 after his remains were discovered and positively identified. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007106
Hitler/Jaeger File Reichs Veternans Day. L to R: Martin Bormann, von Epp, and Heinrich Himmler. Location: Kassel, Germany Date taken: June 04, 1939 Photographer: Hugo Jaeger
Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers.
Life Images
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007106
Nazi Germany Robert Ley 1890-1945
In 1933, after all German trade unions were dissolved, Robert Ley established the Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF; German Labor Front). As head of the DAF, whose membership totaled 25 million, Ley was known as the "undisputed dictator of labor" in Germany. Nevertheless, he was overshadowed on labor issues during the war by rivals like Albert Speer and Fritz Sauckel, his codefendants in 1945. Ley was indicted on counts one, three, and four (conspiracy, war crimes, and crimes against humanity). Obsessed with the idea of becoming a martyr, Ley committed suicide in his cell at Nuremberg shortly before the trial began. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007118
Hitler/Jaeger File Robert Ley (rt), Amman, Mrs. Ley ? in back. Location: Berlin, Germany Date taken: June 06, 1939 Photographer: Hugo Jaeger
Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers.
Life Images
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007118
Axis Powers Germany Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich 1904-1942
Heydrich was Hitler's right-hand man and was tipped to one day succeed the leader himself. He was ruler of the occupied Czech Republic and by 1942 he had killed hundreds and was ferociously stamping out resistance. http://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/features/local-history/training-assassins-for-a-nazi-attack.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/coventry/features/local-history/training-assassins-for-a-nazi-attack.shtml
Nazi Germany Propangada Leni Riefenstahl 1902-2003 Hitler's favourite film propagandist
Hitler And Riefenstahl German filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl (C) taking a walk w. German fuhrer Adolf Hitler (R) and Reichsminister Joseph Goebbels during their visit to her new home. Location: Dahlem, Germany Date taken: June 1937 Photographer: Heinrich Hoffmann
Life Images
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3093154.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/3093574.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/986528.stm http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2003/sep/09/world.news1 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/sep/10/film.germany http://arts.guardian.co.uk/pictures/0,,1267862,00.html http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2002/aug/18/artsandhumanities.germany
http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/feb/16/nazi-3d-films-discovered
Nazi Germany Eva Braun 1912-1945
Hitler/Jaeger File Eva Braun, date and location unknown. Location: Germany Date taken: 1939 Photographer: Hugo Jaeger
Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers.
Life Images
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/14/eva-braun-adolf-hitler http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/news/2010/02/100218_eva_braun_et_sl.shtml http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/hardtalk/2317749.stm
Nazi Germany Munich Entartete Kunst - Degenerate Art - exhibition 1937 In six weeks it had a million visitors, and a million more caught it on tour.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/aug/16/secondworldwar http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/01/arts/design/01abroad.html
Nazi Germany Berlin Olympics 1936
http://arts.guardian.co.uk/pictures/0,,1267862,00.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics_2004/history/3054754.stm
Austria Chancellor Dollfuss 1892-1934
Time Covers - The 30S TIME cover 09-25-1933 Engelbert Dollfuss, photo credit Knozer. Date taken: September 25, 1933
Undated
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1033454.stm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss
Political opposition is outlawed by Hitler's notorious enabling act of 1933
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/07/freya-von-moltke-obituary
Nazi Germany 1933-1945
Hitler/Jaeger File Reichstag session, Kroll Opera House. Hitler makes keynote address answering Roosevelts appeal to avoid war. Location: Berlin, Germany Date taken: April 28, 1939 Photographer: Hugo Jaeger
Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers. Life Images
Hitler/Jaeger File Propaganda chief Joseph Goebbels speaking at the Lustgarden in Berlin. Location: Berlin, Germany Date taken: May 1938 Photographer: Hugo Jaeger
Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers. Life Images
Hitler's Min. of Culture Dr. Joseph Goebbels glowering as he sits in the garden of the Carlton Hotel during his first trip abroad to attend the League of Nations; interpreter Dr. Paul Schmidt (L) trying to hand him a note. Date taken: 1933 Photographer: Alfred Eisenstaedt Life Images
http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/section.cfm?section_id=13 http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/nazifica.htm
Nazi Germany Fritz Todt 1891-1942 Organisation Todt Siegfried Line
Fritz Todt March 1940
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-146-01,_Fritz_Todt.jpg
Primary source > Das Bundesarchiv
Original title: Reichsminister Dr. Todt.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_Todt
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=06f9b85a05014227&q http://resources.ushmm.org/inquery/uia_query.php/photos?hr=null&query=kw114598
Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler comes to power 1933 on a programme to reverse the Versailles Treaty. He withdraws from the disarmament conference and leaves the League of Nations. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwtwo/overview_britain_1918_1945_03.shtml
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwtwo/overview_britain_1918_1945_03.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/germany/hitlerconsolidaterev2.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/germany/hitlerconsolidaterev_print.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/197.shtml?question=197 http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/aimsrev1.shtml
Hitler is arrested after trying to stage a coup, the farcical “Beer Hall Putsch,” in his first bid to take power Nov. 9, 1923
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/10/world/europe/10germany.html
Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates the throne,
Prussia
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1053880.stm
Related
USA / UK / Europe > 20th century > World War II > Antisemitism / Holocaust > Nuremberg trial USA / UK / Europe > 20th century > World War II > Antisemitism / Holocaust France / Régime de Vichy > 20th century > World War II > Antisemitism / Collaboration Europe > Poland / Hungary > 20th century > World War II > Antisemitism > Ghettos
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