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History > 20th century > WW2 > Germany > Nazi era > Nazi industrialists, forced labor
Russian men freed from a Nazi POW slave labor camp eat bread and molasses from a cask outside a looted liquor store after their liberation by advancing Allied troops Location: Lippestadt, Germany Date taken: 1945
Photographer: William Vandivert
Life Images
Hungarian Jew showing identification tattoo on her forearm given her by the Nazis after she was rounded up and forced into a labor camp. Location: Stromberg, Germany Date taken: March 1945
Photographer: William Vandivert
Life Images
Corporate fascism > Third Reich
http://www.scribd.com/doc/33501158/Corporate-Fascism-Third-Reich
Nazi Germany Forced labor
Over 12 million people were forced to perform forced labor for Germany in the course of the Second World War. In the summer of 1944 alone, in addition to six million civilian laborers, two million prisoners of war and over half a million concentration camp prisoners were forced to work in the German Reich.
Also in the occupied territories, a considerable number of men, women and children were forced to work for the enemy. It was the forced laborers who kept the agricultural supply and arms production going. The industry profited from the expansion of production. German employees advanced to supervisor positions. http://www.zwangsarbeit-archiv.de/en/zwangsarbeit/zwangsarbeit/index.html
The Nazis subjected millions of people (both Jews and other victim groups) to forced labor under brutal conditions. From the establishment of the first Nazi concentration camps and detention facilities in the winter of 1933, forced labor—often pointless and humiliating, and imposed without proper equipment, clothing, nourishment, or rest— formed a core part of the concentration camp regimen.
Even before the war began, the Nazis imposed forced labor on Jewish civilians, both inside and outside concentration camps.
As early as 1937, the Nazis increasingly exploited the forced labor of so-called "enemies of the state" for economic gain and to meet desperate labor shortages. By the end of that year, most Jewish males residing in Germany were required to perform forced labor for various government agencies. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005180
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005180 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007326 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II http://www.zwangsarbeit-archiv.de/en/ https://zwangsarbeit-archiv.de/archiv/en/map http://www.zwangsarbeit-archiv.de/en/zwangsarbeit/zwangsarbeit/index.html http://www.zwangsarbeit-archiv.de/en/zwangsarbeit/zwangsarbeit/zwangsarbeit-2/index.html
Freiberg December 1943 - May 5, 1945
In Freiberg in December 1943, preparations began for a subcamp of KZ Flossenbürg to house an outside detail at the Arado-Flugzeugwerke (Arado Aircraft Factory).
The planning and construction of this housing subcamp is a clear example of the collaboration between the armaments industry, the SS, and the Ministry of Armaments. The SS approved the application for the allocation of a prisoner work-detail that Arado had submitted within the context of the Jaegerstab's (Fighter Staff's) measures.
In its building application, Arado was represented by a building commissioner of the Reich Ministry for Armaments and War Production (RMfRuK) based in Dresden. The Reich Industry Group (the lobbying organization for the armaments industry) for the Land of Saxony, Regional Office Dresden, undertook the planning of the subcamp. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007297
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007297
Friedrich Flick 1883-1972
The Flick Concern was a large group of industrial enterprises including coal and iron mines and steel plants.
Friedrich Flick and five other company executives were charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity for the use of prisoners of war and others for slave labor, the deportation of civilians from German-occupied territories to work in their mines and factories, and theft of property.
The court convicted Flick and two other defendants. Flick was sentenced to seven years in prison; the other two guilty convicted, Otto Steinbrinck and Bernhard Weiss, were given five and two-and-a-half year prison terms respectively. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007134
La dynastie industrielle des Flick a traversé un siècle d'histoire allemande au prix de compromissions qui n'ont affecté ni son pouvoir ni sa fortune. [ . . . ] Né en 1883 dans une famille paysanne, Friedrich Karl Flick révèle très tôt son don pour les affaires.
Durant la Première Guerre mondiale, il s'intéresse à la revente de ferraille et à l'armement.
Sous la République de Weimar, il se lance dans la spéculation boursière et crée un groupe axé sur l'exploitation des mines et les machines-outils. Il rêve de jouer dans la même cour que les Krupp et les Thyssen, les magnats de la Ruhr. Il rejoint rapidement le parti national-socialiste, rencontre Hitler et Göring.
Son groupe est un rouage essentiel dans l'économie du Troisième Reich. Flick profite de la saisie des biens juifs et emploie dans ses usines des travailleurs forcés et des détenus des camps de concentration. Ce qui lui vaudra de passer en jugement au procès de Nuremberg. Condamné à sept ans de prison, il sera libéré au bout de trois ans. http://www.arte.tv/fr/programmes/242,date=25/9/2012.html
Après sa sortie de prison, Friedrich Karl Flick rebondit très vite. Contraint par les Alliés d'accepter le démantèlement de son groupe, il réussit en fait à le vendre à des conditions avantageuses pour lui.
Avec les sommes engrangées, il réinvestit dans la chimie, le papier, l'automobile et l'armement. Proche des milieux politiques influents à Bonn grâce à ses dons aux partis, il est de nouveau à la fin des années 50 l'un des hommes les plus riches d'Allemagne.
Il meurt en 1972 et son fils Friedrich assure la relève. En 1983, ce dernier se trouve impliqué dans un scandale de corruption politique d'une ampleur considérable. En 1985, il vend ses entreprises à la Deutsche Bank. Mort en 2006 en Autriche, il laisse à sa famille une fortune de plusieurs milliards, ainsi qu'une importante collection d'oeuvres d'art. http://www.arte.tv/fr/programmes/242,date=25/9/2012.html
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERflickF.htm http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007076 http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007134 http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/bibliography/?content=force_labor http://www.ushmm.org/research/center/publications/occasional/1998-02/paper.pdf http://www.arte.tv/fr/programmes/242,date=25/9/2012.html
Fritz Thyssen 1873-1951
Fritz Thyssen, the son of the successful industrialist, August Thyssen (1842-1926), was born on the 9th November, 1873. He joined the German Army in 1896 and reached the rank of second lieutenant.
In 1898 Thyssen joined Thyssen & Co a company owned by his father in the Ruhr. By the outbreak of the First World War the company employed 50,000 workers and produced 1,000,000 tons of steel and iron a year.
In 1923 took part in the resistance against the Ruhr Occupation by Belgian and French troops. He was arrested and received a large fine for his activities. At a meeting with General Eric Ludendorff in October 1923, Thyssen was advised to go and hear Adolf Hitler speak. He did this and was so impressed he began to finance the Nazi Party.
Thyssen inherited his father's fortune in 1926. He continued to expand and in 1928 formed United Steelworks, a company that controlled more that 75 per cent of Germany's ore reserves and employed 200,000 people.
By 1930 Thyssen was one of the leading backers of the Nazi Party. The following year he recruited Hjalmar Schacht to the cause and in November, 1932, the two men joined with other industrialists in signing the letter that urged Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Adolf Hitler as chancellor.
This was successful and on 20th February, 1933, they arranged a meeting of the Association of German Industrialists that raised 3 million marks for the Nazi Party in the forthcoming election.
Thyssen supported the measures that Hitler took against the left-wing political groups and trade unions. He also put pressure on Hitler to suppress the left of the Nazi Party that resulted in the Night of the Long Knives.
However, as a Catholic, Thyssen objected when Hitler began persecuting people for their religious beliefs. Thyssen resigned as state councillor in protest against Crystal Night. The following year he fled to Switzerland and Hitler promptly confiscated his property.
Thyssen moved to France but was arrested by the Vichy government and was returned to Germany where he was sent to a concentration camp.
Thyssen was freed by Allied forces in 1945. Arrested he was convicted by a German court for being a former leader of the Nazi Party and was ordered to hand over 15 per cent of his property to provide a (sic) victims of Nazi persecution.
Fritz Thyssen died in Buenos Aires on 8th February, 1951. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERthyssen.htm
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERthyssen.htm http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/nationalism/hitler/revision/2/ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/sep/25/usa.secondworldwar
Anschluss Annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi regime March 12, 1938
A view of signs promoting Aryan businesses. Location: Vienna, Austria Date taken: 1937
Photographer: John Phillips
Life Images
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005447 http://www.ushmm.org/research/library/bibliography/index.php?content=anschluss http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/201.shtml?question=201 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWanschluss.htm
Adolf Hitler's architect and armaments minister 1905-1981
Albert Speer was a trained architect. After joining the Nazi party in 1930, Speer became Hitler's personal architect.
In 1942, he was named Minister of Armaments and Munitions, assuming significant responsibility for the German war economy. In this position, Speer used millions of forced laborers to raise economic production.
Speer was found guilty on counts three and four (war crimes and crimes against humanity) and sentenced to 20 years in prison. He was released in 1966. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007128
Hitler/Jaeger File Top Nazi Party members march in remembrance of 1923 Beer Hall Putsch (front, L-R) Friedrich Weber, Hermann Goering, Adolf Hitler, unident. (Martin Bormann?), Julius Streicher; (back, L-R) Albert Speer, Walter Schultze, Alfred Rosenberg & unidents. Location: Munich, Germany Date taken: November 09, 1938
Photographer: Hugo Jaeger
Life Images
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007128 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/13/secondworldwar.kateconnolly http://www.zwangsarbeit-archiv.de/en/zwangsarbeit/zwangsarbeit/zwangsarbeit-2/index.html
Wernher von Braun 1912-1977
German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun, born in 1912 in Wirsitz, Germany, took an early interest in rockets and the possibility of space exploration.
As a young man, he joined the German Rocket Society (Verein fur Raumschiffahrt).
In 1932, von Braun joined the German army to work on the development of ballistic missiles.
By 1937, he was the head of the Peenemeunde Rocket Center and leader of the Nazi rocket program that eventually developed the V-1 “buzz bomb” and the deadly V-2, the world’s first ballistic missile. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/features/hunt-for-nazi-scientists/wernher-von-braun/101/
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/features/hunt-for-nazi-scientists/wernher-von-braun/101/ http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/bio.html http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/18/us/18haeussermann.html
Fritz Sauckel 1894-1946
was Plenipotentiary General for the Deployment of Labor. Sauckel was responsible for providing forced laborers to meet Germany's increasing war production needs.
Under his authority, the Germans deported millions of forced laborers from the occupied territories to Germany.
He was found guilty on counts three and four (war crimes and crimes against humanity) and sentenced to death.
Sauckel was hanged on October 16, 1946. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/es/article.php?ModuleId=10007124
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/es/article.php?ModuleId=10007124
Alfred Rosenberg 1893-1946
was official chief Nazi philosopher, head of the Nazi party's foreign affairs department, and Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories.
Rosenberg established an organization whose mission was to loot and confiscate cultural treasures from all over Europe and bring them to Germany.
As Reich Minister for the Occupied East, he played a role in the annihilation of Soviet Jews and the deportation of other Soviet civilians for forced labor.
Rosenberg was found guilty on all four counts (conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity) and sentenced to death. He was hanged on October 16, 1946. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007123
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007123
Martin Bormann 1900-1945
became the chief of staff for Rudolf Hess, Hitler's deputy, in 1933.
Virtually unknown to the German public, Bormann as a close assistant to Hitler was a powerful force behind the scenes in internal politics.
Following Hess' flight to Great Britain, Bormann became head of the Party Chancellery (1941) and, officially in 1943, Secretary to the Fuehrer. His hand could be seen in an array of domestic policies, including the murder of the Jews, the "euthanasia" effort, the plunder of artwork, and the expansion of forced-labor programs. He also signed a series of edicts ordering deportations of Jews to the east.
Bormann died in an effort to flee Berlin in the last days of World War II, but was long thought to be at large. He was tried in absentia at Nuremberg, where he was sentenced to death. West German authorities officially declared him dead in 1973 after his remains were discovered and positively identified. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007106
Hitler/Jaeger File Reichs Veternans Day. L to R: Martin Bormann, von Epp, and Heinrich Himmler. Location: Kassel, Germany Date taken: June 04, 1939
Photographer: Hugo Jaeger
Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers.
Life Images
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007106
Nazi Germany Robert Ley 1890-1945
In 1933, after all German trade unions were dissolved, Robert Ley established the Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF; German Labor Front).
As head of the DAF, whose membership totaled 25 million, Ley was known as the "undisputed dictator of labor" in Germany.
Nevertheless, he was overshadowed on labor issues during the war by rivals like Albert Speer and Fritz Sauckel, his codefendants in 1945.
Ley was indicted on counts one, three, and four (conspiracy, war crimes, and crimes against humanity). Obsessed with the idea of becoming a martyr, Ley committed suicide in his cell at Nuremberg shortly before the trial began. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007118
Hitler/Jaeger File Robert Ley (rt), Amman, Mrs. Ley ? in back. Location: Berlin, Germany Date taken: June 06, 1939
Photographer: Hugo Jaeger
Hugo Jaeger was one of Hitler's personal photographers.
Life Images
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007118
Nazi Germany Fritz Todt 1891-1942 Organisation Todt Siegfried Line
Fritz Todt March 1940
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-146-01,_Fritz_Todt.jpg
Primary source > Das Bundesarchiv
Original title: Reichsminister Dr. Todt.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_Todt http://www.musee-grand-bunker.com/fritztodt.asp
http://images.google.com/hosted/life/l?imgurl=06f9b85a05014227&q http://resources.ushmm.org/inquery/uia_query.php/photos?hr=null&query=kw114598
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