|
|
|
groupe verbal > present perfect (have aux + participe passé) + marqueurs de temps
present perfect >
valeurs > bilan jusqu'au présent
The Guardian p. 1 29.1.2007
marqueurs de temps + present perfect (have aux + participe passé)
In the span of a couple of weeks,
this year, in five years,
in one year, in two decades,
in almost 20 years, in recent years, in recent days,
as yet, yet, just, in the year, never, ever,
now, long, so far, so far this year, already, finally,
Since marque le début de la période de référence du bilan :
Since early this year, in the weeks since, ever since, In the nine years since the first American troops landed in Afghanistan,
Jeff Parker Florida Today Cagle 16 December 2010 R: U.S. president Barack Obama Donkey = Democrats Elephant = Republicans
for [ depuis > durée de la période du bilan ] the past several years, for years, for X years, for more than three decades, for a third month in a row for [ pour ] the first time in a generation, for [ depuis ] more than a year, for [ depuis ] the past 26 years, For [ depuis ] the last couple of hours,
since [ depuis > point de départ de la période du bilan ] 1999 / then / Christmas / the last recession, since she disappeared [ prétérit ], since separating from my husband five years ago, since he was [ prétérit ] 13, since the start of the year, since time immemorial, at the same time (pourtant / cependant)... Since his release in January after serving time for a 2006 theft conviction,
present perfect + for -> depuis I have been waiting for you for two hours!
≠
prétérit + for -> pendant. I lived in NYC for two years.
since = depuis.
Ce mot peut être préposition (+ GN / -ing) : since the start of the year / since separating from my husband five years ago,
ou conjonction (+ SV / SVO) : since she disappeared [ prétérit ],
Le segment en since marque le début / l'ancrage de la période de référence du bilan.
since (ancrage temporel dans le perfect ) --------------- b i l a n ------------------- > énonciation (present)
Since conjonction + proposition au prétérit actif ou passif
Cette proposition marque le début de la période de référence du bilan. Ex : "It has created a strong and effective leadership team. Remarkably, not one of the 13 members of that team has left [ present perfect ]
since it was established [ prétérit passif ] 18 months ago".
Psyched up for CEO
search:
Since préposition est suivi d'un GN / séquence en -ing
Le segment since + GN / séquence en -ing marque, lui-aussi, le début de la période de référence du bilan. since + last Christmas, 2 o'clock, 1980, the start of the Iraq war, separating from my husband five years ago
Ex : Remember who's gone [ present perfect ] vegetarian
since last Christmas.
Watch the birdie, G,
4.12.2007,
Names of the Dead
April 9, 2007
The Department of Defense has identified 3,258 American service members who have died since the start of the Iraq war.
It confirmed the deaths of the following
Americans over the weekend:
Crystal Falls,
Mich.; East Coast Navy Seal Team. Names of the Dead, NYT, 9.4.2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/09/us/09list.html
Since préposition > Autre exemple :
I've been having an affair with a married man since separating from my husband five years ago. Privates Lives, GE/GE2, p. 8, 2.11.2001.
On peut rencontrer après since conjonction - mais c'est rare et considéré comme agrammatical - une proposition au present perfect :
'It has been a long time since I have seen my sister's grave' Coming home, GE/GE2, p. 4, 27.11.2002.
The Guardian G2 p. 16 29.1.2007
since (depuis) : préposition / adverbe
since (depuis que) : conjonction
portée nominale ou verbale de since (depuis)
since (puisque) : conjonction
- since préposition (+ GN)
Portée du GN introduit par since préposition.
En 1, la portée est verbale ; since déclenche donc le present perfect.
1 - I haven't seen her since last Christmas
Portée nominale :
2 - Hong-Kong plunged into its deepest political crisis [ <- ] since the 1997 handover to China when the territory's leader, Tung Chee-hwa, was this week forced into a humiliating u-turn on security legislation demanded by Beijing.
Marchers throw Hong-Kong into crisis, GW,
since the 1997 handover to China détermine / porte sur its deepest political crisis. since n'a donc ici aucune influence sur la forme verbale. Il en va de même dans la note blibliographique ci-dessous, où since 1950 délimite American religion
Op-Ed Contributor The Presidency’s Mormon Moment
April 9,
2007
IN May, Mitt Romney, the former Massachusetts governor and 2008 Republican presidential hopeful, will give the commencement address at Pat Robertson’s Regent University. What better opportunity for Mr. Romney to discuss the issue of his
Mormon faith before an audience of evangelicals? and Mr. Romney should take the opportunity to address them at Regent University. But none of these popular reservations about the Mormon Church are reasons to vote for or against Mitt Romney. History was bound to have its Mormon moment in presidential politics, just as it had its Catholic moment when Kennedy ran. Now that the moment has arrived, much depends on Mr. Romney.
Kenneth Woodward, a contributing editor at Newsweek, is writing a book about American religion since 1950.
The Presidency’s Mormon Moment, NYT, 9.4.2007,
- since adverbe + ø
After Blair's election to leader, the pair became much closer, and Caplin has since been employed to advise on many aspects of dress, health and fitness, and is credited with introducing Blair to a number of alternative therapists. The court of Cherie, GE/GE2, p. 4, 06.12.2002.
- since conjonction (depuis) + proposition (SVO) avec verbe au prétérit
I haven't seen her since she lost (prétérit) her job.
- since conjonction (puisque, étant donné que, vu que)
Since Dr Pearce died (prétérit) fewer than 24 hours after he left a police cell, Suffolk police have voluntarily referred the incident to the police complaints authority, as is standard practice.
Investigation
into death of arrested pathologist, GE, p. 5, 2.1.2003,
marqueurs de temps + present perfect
In the past year [ ces douze derniers mois / de février 2006 à février 2007 ], more than 500 people have been killed [ present perfect passif ] by explosions while shopping or selling goods in the capital’s markets.
Khalid Mohammed/Associated Press
At Least 67 Killed at Baghdad’s Largest Market NYT
12.2.2007
during the past decade, during the past year,
in the past, in the past decade, in the past year, in the past week, just in the past two years,
in the last six weeks, in the last three months, in the last year, in the last ten years, for much of the last decade, in the last decade, in the last decade or so, In the last year (l'année écoulée jusqu'à présent, et non pas l'année dernière : last year + prétérit)
Ne pas confondre in the last (période toujours en cours) et last
over the last three years, over the last year, over the last year or so, Three times over the last two years, Three times over the last two decades, over the past few weeks, over the past three years, over the past year, over the past week, over the past several months, over the past 21 years, over the years, over the past few years,
Attention : Dans over the past / the last..., in the past / the last..., past et last sont des "faux-amis grammaticaux".
Ces marqueurs de temps ne doivent notamment pas être confondus avec last year (l'an dernier), marqueur d'une période passée, révolue, et qui appelle le prétérit.
Over the last / past... délimite une période qui n'est pas complètement passée, qui court jusqu'à l'énonciation (prise de parole, rédaction de l'article).
On parle d'une tendance présente, qui est toujours d'actualité, d'où l'emploi du present perfect (have + participe passé).
Social Networks Meant for Social Good, but at a Price
December 19, 2010
Over the last year or so, [ ces douze derniers mois = du 1er janvier 2010 au 19 décembre 2010 ] there has been [ present perfect actif ] an explosion of online intermediaries promising to help
nonprofit groups raise money and awareness. try to use social networking and crowdsourcing
to build interest in charities and causes, and to help them attract
donations. the year of the social network for social good,” said Katya Andresen, chief operating officer at Network for Good, a nonprofit that handles processing
and other administrative chores for many
of the new sites.
Social Networks Meant
for Social Good, but at a Price, NYT, 19.12.2010,
College, Jobs and Inequality
December 13, 2010
A college education is better than no college education and correlates with higher pay. But as a cure for unemployment or as a way to narrow the chasm between the rich and everyone else, “more college” is a too-easy answer.
Over the past year [ ces douze derniers mois = du 1er janvier 2010 au 13 décembre 2010 ], for example, the unemployment rate for college grads under age 25 has averaged [ present perfect actif ] 9.2 percent, up from 8.8 percent a year earlier and 5.8 percent in the first year of the recession that began in December 2007. That means recent grads have about the same level of unemployment as the general population. It also suggests that many employed recent grads may be doing work that doesn’t require a college degree.
College, Jobs and
Inequality, NYT, 13.12.2010,
"I haven't felt too good this last week [ ces derniers jours ]." Michael Barrymore interview, O, 29.12.2002.
Dans cet entretien, publié un dimanche, Michael Barrymore fait le bilan de la semaine, période non révolue au moment où il se confie au journaliste.
in the last three years / in the past week / in the past / in the past year / in the past couple of days appellent le present perfect / past perfect. La période de référence court jusqu'au moment de l'énonciation.
Attention à la traduction : in the past year ne se traduit pas par l'année dernière, mais par au cours des douze derniers mois / ces douze derniers mois
In the last three years, Operation Trident has compiled a database of 500 criminals involved in trafficking and dealing in crack cocaine. Drug gang warning by police: Yardie violence spreads across UK, GI, p. 1, 14.6.2003
Glose : Ces trois dernières années (de 2001 à 2003 inclus), l'opération Trident a permis de constituer une base de données...
Le reste de l'article précise que cette opération est toujours en cours.
The number of families making official complaints against schools' admissions procedures has more than trebled in the past two years, figures to be presented to ministers this week show. Many schools were failing to follow their own procedures and in many cases the rules on admissions were unclear or over-complicated, according to a report by Philip Hunter, the chief schools adjudicator. were better informed about
appeal procedures, he said. whose children have been denied a place at the school of their choice. It received 270 complaints this year, compared with 78 in 2002. Surge in school
entry disputes, G, Saturday October 30, 2004,
The Israeli prime minister, Ariel Sharon, spoke to his Palestinian counterpart today and agreed in principle to permit the ailing Yasser Arafat to be flown abroad for medical treatment. It remained unclear, however, whether Mr Arafat would be allowed to return. In the past Israel has said the Palestinian leader could leave the West Bank, but that he might not be allowed to come back.
Sharon: Arafat can leave Ramallah, G,
28.10.2004,
In the past week security forces have intercepted bombs smuggled on bicycles, in fruit carts and motor cars. Clashes with US-led forces in the volatile southern provinces have intensified. Yesterday Nato troops mounted foot patrols and searched vehicles in Kabul, after a rocket landed 200 metres from a fortified US compound. Call
for global jihad puts jittery Afghanistan on high alert
:
Internet search giant Google has spectacularly laid to rest concerns that growth would be hampered by going public, announcing that profits had more than doubled in the past year in its first financial results since floating on the stock market. Google, which was started in a garage by two students and grew to overtake Yahoo! and Microsoft to become the most popular search engine in the world, posted third quarter net profits of $52m (£30m), up from $20.4m in the previous year.
Google profits soar, G,
22.10.2004,
Même information, mais au present perfect (Une de l'édition web du Guardian) :
Google profits soar
Online: Internet search giant Google announces that its profits have more than doubled in the past year.
Dans l'énoncé ci-dessous, extrait d'un article du New York Times qui fait un bilan de la violence à l'intérieur même des tribunaux américains, In the last decade ne se traduit pas par Au cours de la dernière décennie (1990-2000) mais par Ces dix dernières années (1995-2005). Le bilan court jusqu'à l'énonciation :
Only federal authorities keep a count of annual threats, but the 700 reported against federal judicial officials alone suggest
that the total made against federal, state and local
court officials is much larger. where there is a new age of dangerous cases involving terrorism, international drug trafficking, international organized crime and gangs. Violent incidents themselves, inside and outside the courtroom, are not tallied, but they are known to involve an unpredictable range of defendants, from white supremacists and gang members to white-collar frauds, batterers and civil litigants.
In Courts, Threats Become
Alarming Fact of Life, NYT, 20.3.2005,
anglais américain > expression du bilan
L'expression du bilan peut se faire au prétérit.
No Need for All These Nukes
January
7, 2012
STANFORD,
Calif. I felt [ prétérit irrégulier de feel ] increasingly as though I had stepped into a time warp. Despite the nearly total rearrangement of the international security landscape since the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991, the rise of Islamic terrorism and the spread of nuclear materials and technology to volatile nations like Pakistan, North Korea and Iran, the Defense Department remains enthralled by cold war nuclear strategies and practices.
No Need for All These Nukes, NYT,
7.1.2012,
American Dream Is Elusive for New Generation
July 6, 2010
GRAFTON, Mass. — After breakfast, his parents left for their jobs, and Scott Nicholson, alone in the house in this comfortable suburb west of Boston, went to his laptop in the living room. He had placed it on a small table that his mother had used for a vase of flowers
until her unemployed son found himself reluctantly stuck at home. winner of a dean’s award for academic excellence, spent his mornings searching corporate Web sites for suitable job openings.
When he found one, he mailed off a résumé and cover letter — four or five a
week, week after week. only one job materialized [ prétérit régulier ]. After several interviews, the Hanover Insurance Group in nearby Worcester offered to hire him as an associate claims adjuster, at $40,000 a year. But even before the formal offer, Mr. Nicholson had decided not to take the job.
American Dream Is
Elusive for New Generation, NYT, 6.7.2010,
At Least 67 Killed at Baghdad’s Largest Market
February 12, 2007
BAGHDAD, Feb. 12 — Four bomb explosions at Baghdad’s oldest market killed at least 67 people and wounded 155 today, charring families in their cars, shredding stores and setting ablaze a seven-story clothing warehouse,
where
black smoke billowed for hours, witnesses and officials said. after Iraq’s Shiite-led government marked the first anniversary, by the Islamic calendar, of an attack that destroyed a revered Shiite mosque in Samarra. That bombing, which shattered the shrine’s golden dome,
ignited a wave
of sectarian violence in Iraq that has yet to be extinguished.
and to identify weaknesses in the new
American-Iraqi security plan for Baghdad that has just begun. and one of roughly a dozen attacks at markets over the past year, killing more than 500 people as they bought or sold what they needed to survive.
At Least 67 Killed at Baghdad’s Largest Market,
NYT, 12.2.2007,
SAN FRANCISCO (AP) -- Less than two weeks after its stock price smashed through $600 for the first time, Google Inc. showed why it might not be long before the
Internet search leader's shares are flirting with $700. across the bottom of videos supplied by its YouTube subsidiary and also began distributing ads within ''widgets'' -- the interactive
capsules that are becoming Internet staples.
Google 3Q Profit Soars 46 Percent, NYT, 19.10.2007,
Voir aussi / Related
bilan > présent, present perfect, past perfect ou prétérit ? Anglonautes > Grammaire anglaise > Groupe verbal > Formes verbales > Past perfect
|
|
www.anglonautes.com
|
