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auxiliaires / formes verbales > traduire devoir > doit / devait / devrait
seem set + to -> BV / be set + to -> BV
Relation prédicative = Sujet / GV + complément.
Prédiquer = dire quelque chose du sujet à l'aide du prédicat (verbe + complément).
Relation prédicative valide = ce qui est dit du sujet est présenté comme vrai / correspondant à la "réalité".
Ne pas confondre énonciateur et référent du sujet grammatical.
must épistémique + BV > valeur épistémique de must
Avec must épistémique (1), l'énonciateur porte un jugement / formule une hypothèse sur la validité de la relation prédicative (Sujet they + Prédicat be eight years old) : j'estime que ce que je dis / déduis / pense est très probablement vrai, justifié, juste.
1 - The grey designer trouser suit she opted for on leaving hospital after keyhole surgery on her knee was a stylish addition to the royal wardrobe. (...) 'They are the only trousers I have made for her and they must be eight years old,' he said. Suits you, ma'am, as the Queen leaves hospital, DM, p. 9, 15.1.2003.
Le couturier estime que ce pantalon a été fabriqué très probablement il y a huit ans.
On retrouve cette valeur épistémique en 2. Le journaliste estime que, même si Saddam Hussein, le dictateur iraquien, a l'habitude de se sortir des situations les plus extrêmes, il doit bien se rendre compte, sentir que la fin de son règne approche :
2 - Even Saddam Hussein, arch-survivor though he is, must see that the end of his regime is near as American columns easily penetrate the heart of Baghdad after a war in which the US and the Britain have so far lost no more than 121 dead. Victory is in sight, but so many enemies remain, I, § 1, p. 17, 8.4.2003.
3 - A partir de données bien établies, l'énonciateur fait une déduction, formule une hypothèse sur les conditions de vie des dinosaures. Cet énoncé montre bien qu'avec must épistémique, l'énonciateur ne fait qu'évaluer la probabilité de la réalisation de la relation prédicative they - have been looked after by their parents. Il n'y a ici aucune possibilité d'agir sur la réalité (must radical).
3 - As a social structure the clan also nest together. This 'gregarious' nesting has been shown for other species of dinosaurs, most famously in the duckbill Maiasaura with Jack Horner's discovery of a group of nests in Montana. Another aspect of the Maiasaura find was that one nest had a collection of bones in it from babies which were a matter of weeks old. The fact that the babies were still in the nest for any length of time after hatching indicates that they must have been looked after by their parents. (...) Given where they lived, these dinosaurs must have had to cope with freezing temperatures from time to time. While some animals stay active throughout the winter, others cope with the temperatures by hibernating. Behind the scenes, Programme 5 "Spirits of the Ice Forest", by Jasper James, Producer, Walking With Dinosaurs, http://www.bbc.co.uk/dinosaurs/sci_focus/production5.shtml
must radical + BV > valeur radicale de must
The Guardian p. 38 19.1.2006
The Guardian Film Adaptations p. 1 5.5.2006
Epidémie redoutée
The Guardian p. 19 10.11.2005
A l'inverse de have + to + BV, le "devoir" imposé par must radical est mis en scène comme une injonction inédite, prioritaire, à laquelle - en apparence - on ne peut se dérober (l'énoncé-slogan Must do! n'a pas de sujet).
Avec must radical + BV + !, l'énonciateur cherche à cacher, à annuler tout ce qui a été dit auparavant, à remettre le discours à zéro.
Il s'efforce ici d'effacer de sa mémoire tout ce qu'il doit faire de secondaire, de se fixer une priorité.
Loin de l'emporter et de se détacher du déjà-dit / prévu, l'injonction Must do! est cernée par un chaos de mots d'ordre parasites (voir page du Guardian ci-dessus).
Cette publicité montre bien qu'un énoncé en must radical, en dépit d'une évidence de façade et d'un volontarisme théâtral, ne sera pas facilement mémorisé, puis réalisé, par le destinataire (ici, via la fiction publicitaire, l'énonciateur lui-même).
Dans certains énoncés, must peut avoir les deux valeurs :
- épistémique ("jugement" / décision d'ordre éthique, déduction)
et
- radical (impératif : faites ce que je dis / ce que je pense)
To be or not to be? It's not our choice We must oppose any form of euthanasia or assisted suicide, says the Bishop of Oxford A bill making it possible to help the terminally ill to die is going to the House of Lords tomorrow. I recognise that many readers of The Observer will support it. Lord Joffe, who is moving it, once expressed great surprise to me that, whereas we would agree on all the great liberal causes, I would not be supporting him on this one. I oppose his bill not just because of its social effects and impact on doctor/patient relationships, but because, at its heart, is a flawed understanding of what it is to be a human being, one that places an excessive emphasis on personal autonomy to the neglect of our mutual interdependence. Headline and sub, O, 9.10.2005, http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1588176,00.html
Avec must radical, la phase théorique / épistémique - moi, énonciateur, j'estime, je déduis, je juge que... - est passée.
Ce qui est énoncé ne relève plus de l'hypothèse, du jugement abstrait, de la discussion / démonstration, de la parole réfléchie (se parler à soi-même, se questionner, s'interroger), mais de l'injonction, du slogan, du mot d'ordre.
L'explication de l'ordre a déjà été faite, n'est plus à faire, elle a été validée une fois pour toute (fonction de -ing dans la publicité ci-dessous > Replacing Trident).
Ce qui est dit / écrit doit advenir, être fait immédiatement :
The Guardian p. 8 24.6.2006
Morland The Times August 1, 2005 Contexte : attentats à Londres, en juillet 2005.
Battered men get their own refuge O p.4 21.12.2003
! Visitors must report to site office Panneau à l'entrée de chantiers à Londres.
The Guardian Society pullout frontpage 29.9.2004
Guardian p. 8 28.8.2004
Guardian p. 6 28.8.2004
Catholic diocese must pay $1.9 mln for abuse SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) - A California jury on Wednesday awarded two brothers nearly $2 million for sexual abuse they suffered at the hands of a Catholic priest a quarter century ago. Catholic diocese must pay $1.9 mln for abuse, R, Wed Apr 13, 2005 08:41 PM ET, http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=4E2STXERAXR3MCRBAELCFEY?type=domesticNews&storyID=8175049
Prozac must have suicide warning US to insist risks for children are spelt out on all antidepressants All antidepressant drugs must carry the strongest possible public warning that they could cause children to harm themselves or commit suicide, US authorities said yesterday in a landmark ruling which has repercussions for the whole class of drugs. Headline and first §§, G, 15.9.2004, http://society.guardian.co.uk/mentalhealth/story/0,8150,1304944,00.html
NEW YORK (Reuters) - Americans rang church bells, remembered the nearly 3,000 dead and gathered to pray on Saturday to mark the third anniversary of the devastating Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on the United States. At the site of the fallen World Trade Center towers in New York, parents and grandparents of the victims solemnly read the names of victims before a large crowd, adding personal comments or blowing kisses skyward. "We love you more today than yesterday, and we will love you more tomorrow than today," one mother said. Musicians played softly as the names were read. The ceremonies were smaller and more subdued than those of the first two years since the attacks, and some speakers used the day, within two months of the Nov. 2 presidential election, to make political points. In Washington, President Bush led a national moment of silence and then used his weekly radio address to mark the day. "Three years ago, the struggle of good against evil was compressed into a single morning," he said, describing the 102 minutes in which hijackers crashed planes into the World Trade Center, the Pentagon and a Pennsylvania field. In Boston, Massachusetts Sen. John Kerry, the Democratic nominee seeking to replace Bush in the White House, called for Americans to come together to fight terrorism. "While Sept. 11 was the worst day we have ever seen, it brought out the best in all of us," he said. "And we must always remember that we will only defeat those who sought to destroy us by standing together as one America." U.S. Marks Anniversary of Sept. 11 Attacks, R, 11.9.2004, http://www.reuters.com/newsArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=J2RWVIBYT5RYMCRBAEOCFFA?type=topNews&storyID=6210242
We must unite against barbarism The appropriate response to the Beslan slaughter is grief, anger and solidarity, not criticism of the Russian security forces, writes William Kristol, editor of the Weekly Standard Headline and sub, Comment section, FT frontpage, 9.9.2004.
School says girls must wear trousers A secondary school in Suffolk has become the first in Britain to ban girls from wearing skirts and order them to switch to uniforms with long trousers. Headline and sub, G, 21.6.2004, http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,5500,1243573,00.html
A l'inverse, have + to -> BV sert souvent à rappeler un devoir automate, connu, établi, inévitable (voir plus bas).
Dans l'exemple ci-dessous, l'énonciateur (George W. Bush, 43ème président des Etats-Unis) affirme que le dictateur irakien Saddam Hussein doit désarmer (obligation, impératif, diktat, ultimatum). Le président américain entend imposer sa volonté. La relation prédicative (Sujet he + Prédicat disarm) doit (must) se transcrire dans les faits :
'Time is running out on Saddam Hussein. He must disarm. I'm sick and tired of games and deception.' 'I am sick and tired of Saddam. Time is running out, DM, p. 10, 15.1.2003.
Les énoncés en must radical peuvent donner l'impression d'être des ultimatums. Ils laissent toutefois une marge de manoeuvre, un certain choix au co-énonciateur. L'emploi de must radical montre que l'obligation est nouvelle, qu'elle doit être énoncée pour la première fois, qu'elle n'est pas encore acceptée.
Le co-énonciateur peut très bien choisir de se dérober face à une injonction de type You must do it!, alors qu'il lui sera difficile de se soustraire à une suggestion, un conseil ou un ordre formulés avec have + to + BV. La valeur sémantique de cette séquence ne laisse aucun choix au co-énonciateur, renvoyant à un devoir qu'il a déjà accepté, qu'il ne peut qu'accepter.
Exemple tiré du film The Green Mile : dans la dernière scène d'exécution à la chaise électrique, un gardien rappelle en chuchotant à son chef, tétanisé à l'idée de tuer un innocent, qu'il doit donner le signal de l'exécution : Paul... you have to do it... Glose : Vu les circonstances, étant donné ton métier, tu as déjà accepté de faire ça, tu ne peux pas faire autrement, tu sais bien / vois bien que tu dois donner le signal, tu n'as pas le choix...
L'effet de have + to + BV sur le co-énonciateur est celle d'un impératif minoré, d'un rappel consensuel, auquel on ne peut échapper. you have to do it... = do it... Glose : Vas-y, fais-le...
A l'inverse, dans The Revenge of the Siths (2005), film d'action où les personnages sont constamment confrontés à des situations imprévues, les énoncés en must radical abondent.
Autres énoncés en must radical
Idée de "devoir" > expression du futur : will + have + to -> BV
Failed asylum seekers must work for no pay
Rejected asylum seekers who cannot go home will in future have to undertake compulsory unpaid community work in return for benefits as part of a last-minute package of measures to tighten Britain's asylum laws announced last night. Headline and sub, G, 9.8.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/Refugees_in_Britain/Story/0,2763,1234563,00.html
Blair: Britain 'must never be afraid' to fight terrorists Headline, I, 13.3.2004, http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/politics/story.jsp?story=500729
Must do better Headline, G, 18.2.2004, http://education.guardian.co.uk/schools/story/0,5500,1150551,00.html
Saddam must now answer for crimes against humanity Captured, Comment, Ts, p. 19, 15.12.2003.
Pour l'éditorialiste du Times, Saddam Hussein doit être jugé pour crimes contre l'humanité.
The U.N. Security Council, toughening demands made at the end of the Gulf War in 1991, said Iraq must declare any weapons violation by Sunday. U.S. says evidence on Iraq is 'solid': Won't tip hand until report by Baghdad, U, p. 1, 6.12.2002.
Pour le conseil de sécurité, l'Irak doit déclarer toute violation des résolutions de l'ONU d'ici à dimanche (ultimatum).
Blair must go if Hutton blames him, say voters Tory ultimatum on PM backed by majority of electorate Headline and sub, G, 15.1.2004, http://politics.guardian.co.uk/kelly/story/0,13747,1123440,00.html
must épistémique > passé / référence au passé
A la différence de will (would), shall (should), can (could) et may (might), must n'a pas de forme "prétérit".
1. Le marqueur de temps et la concordance des temps attribuent à
must une valeur de passé : that the storm over the homosexuality issue was dying away. The horizon was clear - Rowan Williams was widely accepted as Archbishop of Canterbury, even enthusiastically so in much of the Church of England - so perhaps there could be hopes of more tranquil times ahead.
Canon fodder
: The decision to
appoint Canon Jeffrey John as its first gay bishop last year split the Church of
England.
Voir aussi Formuler une hypothèse relative au passé > would / must épistémique / may / might
The Guardian Review p. 24 7.10.2006
Steve Kelley Cagle
23.6.2004
The Guardian p. 33 25.1.2007
A l'inverse du modal must, le groupe verbal have + to + BV s'emploie lorsque l'énonciateur, en discours comme en pratique, n'a pas le choix (constat), ou prétend ne pas avoir le choix. Cette inévitabilité, réelle ou de façade, laisse peu de latitude au destinataire.
Le devoir relève ici de la redite, du on-dit, de vérités universelles, de processus bien établis, de règles admises, de situations qui ne connaissent qu'une seule issue, de jugements déjà formulés et supposés connus, acceptés (voir cartoon ci-dessus // expression française "Nul n'est censé ignorer la loi").
Autre cas de figure : j'ai raison, mon point de vue est le bon, "on ne peut que reconnaître, admettre le fait que..., on n'a pas le choix, il faut absolument..."
Le co-énonciateur n'a pas le choix, la discussion est fictive.
L'énonciateur impose son point de vue, le présente comme une évidence indiscutable.
Glose de la plupart des énoncés en have + to + BV :
"Il ne peut pas en aller autrement, on
ne peut pas faire autrement,
Cette référence, ce rappel à
du consensuel - réel ou fictif - sont marqués par
have,
Le référent doit accomplir une action prédéterminée dans une
circonstance donnée,
have + to connecteur + BV, et non have + to -> BV : to, ici, n'annonce pas du jamais-dit. Il n'est pas viseur, mais simplement connecteur.
L'énonciation de have + to + BV / havetoBV / haftaBV est similaire à l'émission d'un signal connu : moi-énonciateur, je te "siffle", je te rappelle simplement que tu dois (have +) faire ça (to + BV).
Une séquence
have
+ to
connecteur
+ BV
The Church of England is to allow gay clergy to enter into civil partnerships but only if they promise to abstain from sex, according to guidance issued yesterday. 'Marriages' but no sex for gay clergy, DT, p. 2, 26.7.2005.
Inférieur à celui de must, le degré de persuasion de have + to connecteur + BV est parfois presque inexistant.
Ci-dessous, l'énonciateur anonyme ne fait que rappeler, de façon ironique, ce à quoi sont contraints les clients d'opérateurs de téléphonie à bas prix :
The Guardian p. 1 24.11.2004
Enoncé suivant : le journaliste rapporte les propos du militant palestinien Abdel-Aziz al-Rantissi, qui rappelle un lieu commun, à savoir que tous les hommes doivent mourir tôt ou tard. Il est dans la nature des hommes d'être mortels, ils sont mortels par définition, c'est dans l'ordre des choses :
After the Yassin assassination, he remarked that everyone had to die sooner or later. "It's death, whether by killing or by cancer. Nothing will change. If by Apache [helicopter] or by cardiac arrest, I prefer Apache", he said. Leader of Hamas for just 25 days, he fought for a free Palestine : Abdel-Aziz al-Rantissi, G, p. 10, 19.4.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,3604,1194641,00.html
The Guardian 23.6.2003
The home secretary was
talking about shifting the standard of proof required for conviction. In
criminal cases, a jury has
to be satisfied
beyond reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty. In civil cases, the judge
only has to
be satisfied on a "balance of probabilities". What David Blunkett
wants is to shift the standard of proof so that terrorists can be convicted on
the - far easier to prove - balance of probabilities.
So why are Blair, Falconer, Goldsmith et al talking about shifting the
burden of proof, which is about who has
to prove the case?
Even under Blunkett's idea, the burden of proof would still be on the
prosecution to show guilt, though by way of an easier standard of proof. He is
not suggesting that the burden be shifted, to make the accused prove his
innocence. So why are all these lawyers, who know better, using standard and
burden so carelessly and interchangeably? Slips of the tongue, maybe, but ones
that could cause public confusion on an issue that matters.
Innocent until proven guilty?
When she saw her one-year-old daughter flinch at the sight of her violent husband, Helen, who was five months pregnant with her second child, decided she had to leave. Help for child victims of domestic violence, G, 31.12.2003, http://society.guardian.co.uk/christmasappeal/story/0,11321,1114136,00.html
You have to accept when you interview Bob Geldof that he's going to end up shouting at you. It's not that he's so horrible or egotistical, and he's certainly not the bully he's sometimes made out to be - but God that mouth, it never stops.
Bob almighty
: Musician, Third World
campaigner, millionaire businessman and now Britain's favourite 'mum'... pinning
down Bob the Gob can be tricky.
"Before, I was working at Tesco, on the checkout, stackin' shelves." She shakes her head. "But I can't do the nine to five. I have to do music." MC Shystie, GI / pullout, p. 3, 30.9.2003.
If it's war, it has to be legitimate
Mr Blair has leverage and must use it Headline, O, 22.12.2002, http://observer.guardian.co.uk/iraq/story/0,12239,864379,00.html
Students who fail to grasp this formula are forcefully encouraged to get the message. One girl currently has to wear a sign around her neck at all times, which reads:
'I've been in this programme
for three years, and I am still pulling crap.'
Experts, however, say it is difficult to ascertain how many species have vanished for ever because a species has to disappear for 50 years before it can be declared extinct.
Earth 'will expire by 2050'
: Our planet is running
out of room and resources.
Cambridge comes out top again but many former polytechnics perform strongly in traditional subjects in the Guardian's university league tables, published today. Oxford has to settle for second place and London confirms its regional pre-eminence with five of the top 10 in the overall rankings, compiled for the paper by Brian Ramsden, former head of the higher education statistics agency, and Rosa Scoble, of Brunel University. Cambridge on top, but new universities make gain, G education, 20.5.2003, http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/universityguide/story/0,9889,959336,00.html
The first American conscientious objector from the Iraq war will give himself up at a marine base in California this morning. He said he believed the war was "immoral because of the deception involved by our leaders". Stephen Eagle Funk, 20, a marine reserve who was due to be sent for combat duty, is currently on "unauthorised absence" from his unit. He faces a possible court martial and time in military prison for his action. "I know I have to be punished for going UA," Mr Funk told the Guardian in an interview before surrendering to authorities, "but I would rather take my punishment now than live with what I would have to do [in Iraq] for the rest of my life. I would be going in knowing that it was wrong and that would be hypocritical." Marine who said no to killing on his conscience, G, 1.4.2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/antiwar/story/0,12809,926963,00.html
When the group met for the first time to review the SSRIs in November, before Ms Blears announced its existence, the two Glaxo shareholders had to leave the room when Seroxat was discussed, but they were able to be present during general discussions of the SSRIs. (...) The Seroxat Users Group was unhappy about the conflict of interest on the review team and its apparent reluctance to look at evidence of the side-effects suffered by its 4,000 members. Sarah Venn, of the group, said: "I think it is a decision that had to be made. The review members that they had were put in an untenable position faced with personal conflicts. Drug review halted over company links, G, 26.3.2003, http://society.guardian.co.uk/mentalhealth/comment/0,8146,922120,00.html
Why the organic revolution had to happen
When British people farmed simply and ate plainly there was no need for organic produce. But fears over pollution, pesticides, synthetic fertilisers,mad cow disease, growth-hormone injections, swine fever, salmonella, GM food and foot and mouth changed all that. Gradually we lost our faith in food Headline, O, 21.4.2001, http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/story/0,9950,475210,00.html
Vic Harville Little Rock, Arkansas Stephens Media Group Cagle
14.10.2005
Backgound
SAN JOSE, Calif. — Giving the iPod a bold new look,
The BBC has got to change
The governors can no longer play both manager and regulator Headline and sub, Comment, G, 29.1.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/hutton/story/0,13822,1133870,00.html
Ce qui doit / devrait être fait, ce qui doit / devrait se passer, relève de l'évidence. Il n'y a ni à réfléchir, ni à discuter : "c'est comme ça" / "Parce que !". A l'inverse de should, qui inscrit l'énonciateur dans un débat, ought marque souvent un discours fermé, stratifié, dogmatique :
Abortion: The facts
Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, leader of six million Catholics, says it ought to be an election issue [ dogme religieux et politique : l'avortement doit être un enjeu électoral, cela s'impose, cela n'est pas à discuter ]. Tony Blair disagrees. So should it be? [ réouverture du débat par le journaliste ] Headline and sub, I, 16.3.2005, http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/politics/story.jsp?story=620582
Ought participe du pré-énoncé, de l'idée reçue, de la tradition, du moule culturel.
Avec ought + to connecteur + BV, l'énonciateur ne cherche pas à évaluer / modaliser la validité de la relation prédicative.
Même si, comme les modaux, ought ne prend pas 'S' à la troisième personne du singulier du présent, sur le plan sémantique, ought ne fonctionne pas vraiment comme un modal.
La validité de l'énoncé en ought est déjà acquise : le discours se déroule sur le mode du "on", de la strate discursive, du réflexe pavlovien, de l'absence de choix.
George W. Bush, 43ème président des Etats-Unis et ancien gouverneur du Texas, Etat champion de la peine de mort, ne peut que réclamer la peine capitale pour Saddam Hussein, l'ancien dictateur irakien :
President George Bush called last night for Saddam Hussein to face the death penalty, as fresh violence across Iraq signalled that his capture has by no means stifled the anti-US insurgency. Mr Bush told ABC news: "I think he ought to receive the ultimate penalty ... for what he has done to his people." He added: "He is a torturer, a murderer, and they had rape rooms, and this is a disgusting tyrant who deserves justice, the ultimate justice." Saddam should die, says Bush, G, 17.12.2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1108578,00.htmlhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1108578,00.html
Mike Thompson
Detroit, Michigan, The Detroit Free Press
Cagle 26.8.2005 Background : U.S. dismisses call for Chavez's killing WASHINGTON (CNN) -- Bush administration officials Tuesday
dismissed
ought + to connecteur + BV > autres exemples
1 - Pour le poète, il est évident que la poésie doit parler de la vie jusque dans ses aspects sociaux, comme la violence à l'école :
1 - During his tenure as laureate, Motion has often departed from the tradition of ceremonial poems on royal occasions. He has written on Nelson Mandela, national identity, homelessness and bullying. He said: "My underlying feeling is that poetry ought to be part of general life rather than being ghettoised." Poet laureate joins doubters over Iraq, GE, p. 1, 9.1.2003.
2 - L'énonciateur estime que son travail lui rapportera 160 livres par semaine ; un tel salaire est normal, dans "l'ordre des choses" :
"OK, a loan then. How much can you loan me?" I judge you on how reasonable your demands are." The other side of the tracks, GE/G2, p. 4, 13.1.2003.
3 - Le journaliste rapporte l'opinion de la droite dure israélienne, pour qui Israël doit intensifier la répression de la deuxième intifadah. Avec ought + to connecteur + BV, il n'y a pas débat (contrairement à should) :
3 - Marshalled by Binyamin Netanyahu, a former and would-be-future prime minister, rightwing critics say that Mr Sharon, softened by Mr Peres's Delilah-like charms, is frittering away the unique opportunity, created as they believe on September 11th, of winning the intifada. Far from ending the fight, they say, Israel ought to be intensifying it. The beginning of the end of the Palestinian uprising?, E, p. 49, 29.9.2001.
En termes de conscience collective, ought + to connecteur + BV introduit le dogme, le pré-jugé, l'idée reçue, l'opinion admise, partagée par la plupart (ce qui va de soi, ce qui tombe sous le sens).
Le débat est clos : l'énonciateur n'est qu'un relai de l'opinion / de la religion (voir dernier énoncé en bas de page
L'énonciateur récite, il ne porte pas de jugement (au sens épistémique du terme).
Il peut éventuellement rappeler ce qu'il considère être une évidence :
"We ought to look in a mirror and get proud, and stick out our chests and suck in our belies and say, 'Damn, we're Americans!"
Retired Lt. Gen. Jay Garner, F, p. 6,
12.5.2003 -
Mrs Greed teaches RE. She has been abused and threatened, and had a knife and even a loaded gun pulled on her by unruly pupils
The case of the teacher raped by a pupil has prompted teachers like Elizabeth Greed to speak out against what she calls 'the disease of lack of respect' that has broken out in Britain's classrooms. Here 'IoS' Education Editor Richard Garner begins a major new series examining the state of our schools
08 May 2005 Elizabeth Greed has spent more than three decades teaching religious education to children in rural Wiltshire,
one of the most tranquil
parts of the country. It ought to
be a dream job.
and she found herself facing an angry teenager and
a Colt .45. Loaded. in a job already damaged by the rising tide of violence, abuse and plain unruliness that affects thousands of schools, pupils and their teachers around the country. Headline, sub and first §§, IoS, 8.5.2005, http://education.independent.co.uk/news/story.jsp?story=636539
Rex Morgan M.D.
Woody Wilson and Graham Nolan
4.7.2004
1 - Should épistémique > conditionnelle : moi, énonciateur, je pense que ce que je dis est très probablement vrai. Ce que je dis / prévois, ce que je calcule a de fortes chances de se réaliser, mais j'affirme aussi que la validité de cette prévision / la réalisation de cette hypothèse reste soumise à des inconnues, conditions, contingences (if... if...).
U.S. stocks
should stay firm next week Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan is seen in this April 21 file photo. Photo by Kevin Lamarque/Reuters. 18.9.2004
NEW YORK (Reuters) - U.S. stocks should stay firm next week if the Federal Reserve says the economy is recovering and if corporations entering the heart of the so-called confession season go slow on profit warnings. Fed, Corporate
Forecasts to Set Tone, R, 18.9.2004,
The Guardian
p. 6 28.5.2005
2 - Should épistémique > constat
The Guardian Weekend p. 14 1.4.2006
3 - Should épistémique > jugement, estimation, interrogation, débat, dilemme, conseil
G2
The Guardian p. 30 15.2.2007
4 - Should radical
ce qui est énoncé doit être fait / pensé par l'autre (première occurrence ci-dessous)
'Tomboy' 10-year-old was beaten to death
The Guardian p. 8
12.7.2005
WELCOME TO THE VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM Visitors please note: - THIS PASS SHOULD BE WORN AT ALL TIMES V&A visitor pass, 27.8.2004. Traduction : Ce badge doit être porté en permanence.
Dear Peter Please find herewith the latest blabla for Tea and Chat which should replace what is already there. Thank you. Mary E-mail, 26.11.2004. Traduction : ... qui doit remplacer... / qu'il faut mettre à la place de...
5 - Should épistémique / radical
l'énonciateur - émet un jugement sur la réalisation / la validité de la relation prédicative - souhaite voir ce jugement se traduire dans les faits
ce qui je dis est (très) probablement vrai (valeur épistémique) + ce qui je dis doit (très) probablement / devrait / aurait dû se transcrire dans les faits (ne pas confondre ces valeurs avec l'expression de l'hypothèse, 2e occurrence ci-dessous) :
Stop reading now. The information that follows should not be published and, should you choose to read it, should not be shared with others.
Magic makers angry as Houdini
spell is broken, G, 4.6.2004,
The Guardian G2 p. 20 15.3.2007
Contrairement à ought + to connecteur + BV, should épistémique et radical laisse souvent le débat vraiment / faussement ouvert, révèle une part d'incertitude, un dilemme. Dois-je faire ce que je pense, ce que je sais être bon / bien / juste ?
The Guardian p. 10 6.10.2004
Should I call you dad? Michael Rosen reflects on the fears and insecurities of being a stepfather Headline and sub, G, 30.6.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,1250319,00.html
Enoncé suivant : le directeur est présenté / préjugé comme celui qui devrait être tenu pour responsable des retards du métro : the man commuters should blame for... . Un doute subsiste sur la validité / la réalisation du jugement : Or is he?
A no-nonsense 54-year-old who used to run Land Rover, Morgan is the man commuters should blame for delays, dirt and deterioration. Or is he? According to the government's deeply controversial public-private scheme, Morgan's Tube Lines consortium is responsible for the upkeep of tracks, tunnels and stations. But London Underground, which will stay in public ownership, runs the trains and is responsible for safety. Terminal touchdown, GE, p. 16, 18.1.2003.
The Guardian p. 7 14.10.2004
Doute sur la validité de l'estimation > voir aussi le comics ci-dessous > You sure about that?
Rex Morgan M.D.
Woody Wilson and Graham Nolan
4.7.2004
6 - L'énonciateur peut ne pas se contenter de porter un jugement (valeur épistémique), il veut le voir s'appliquer sans tarder (forte valeur radicale)
The Guardian p. 12 3.11.2004
Should épistémique et radical indique souvent plus qu'une forte probabilité : certitude absolue, devoir moral, jugement de cour, commandement religieux. Ce modal se traduit alors par "doit" (et non par "devrait") :
Jury Says Scott Peterson Should Die for Murder
EDWOOD CITY, Calif., Dec. 13 - After three days of deliberations and nearly two years of a nationwide obsession with the story of a young fertilizer salesman and his pretty and pregnant wife, the jury in the double-murder trial of Scott Peterson determined on Monday that he should be put to death. Jury Says Scott Peterson Should Die for Murder, NYT, 14.12.2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/14/national/14peterson.html?hp&ex=1103086800&en=8208df6f664886fa&ei=5094&partner=homepage
1 / 2 - La concordance au prétérit des formes auxiliaires / verbales implique should après le prétérit temporel ruled.
Il n'en reste pas moins que l'on retrouve dans ce should la valeur principale de shall (voir shall). Remarquons que l'énonciateur premier est le juge, et non pas le journaliste.
1 - Let baby die peacefully, court rules (...), the desperately ill baby at the centre of a legal battle between her parents and doctors, should be allowed to die peacefully in her parents' arms and not be subjected to further aggressive treatment, a high court judge ruled yesterday. Headline and §1, G, 8.10.2004, http://society.guardian.co.uk/health/news/0,8363,1322674,00.html
2 - Severely ill baby ought to be allowed to die, judge tells parents (...) sat in a wooden pew at the Royal Courts of Justice, gripping each other's hands, barely able to look at the judge as he ruled that, despite their most fervent wishes, their 11-month-old daughter should be allowed to die. Headline and §1, I, 8.10.2004, http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/legal/story.jsp?story=569954
The Guardian p. 7
3.7.2004
Should est ici proche du shall prophétique : moi qui parle, je pense / j'estime / je juge que personne ne devrait tuer en mon nom (valeur épistémique), et je dis que ce jugement doit s'appliquer immédiatement (valeur radicale).
Luis Daniel Izpizua: I am a Basque. No one should kill in my name Headline, I, 13.3.2004, http://argument.independent.co.uk/commentators/story.jsp?story=500662
The Guardian p. 2 6.7.2004
The Guardian 30.6.2004
Glose de l'avis ci-dessus : je pense que ce que vous devriez faire, c'est...
Blair should apologise for handling of war, says poll Tony Blair should use tomorrow's Commons debate on the Butler report to repair his damaged reputation by apologising for his handling of the war in Iraq, an opinion poll suggested yesterday, as Michael Howard moved to distance himself from the conflict. The prime minister last week said he took responsibility for errors and had searched his conscience. No 10 aides said an apology would be interpreted as admitting he had been wrong to go to war, which he repeatedly denies. Headline and first §§, G, 19.7.2004, http://politics.guardian.co.uk/iraq/story/0,12956,1264199,00.html
After Hutton, the verdict: 51 per cent say Blair should go Tony Blair's loss of public trust after the war on Iraq and the Hutton report is underlined today by a poll for The Independent showing more than half of voters want him to resign. Headline and §1, I, 7.2.2004, http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/politics/story.jsp?story=488780
Yelland: Sun should not back Tories Headline, O, 14.6.2004, http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1238330,00.html
The Prime Minister has intervened in the management of the ramshackle rail network to demand an eight-fold increase in targets for improvement. Rail chiefs are aiming to ensure that around 90 more trains arrive on time every day, but Tony Blair thinks the figure should be more than 700. Blair orders hike in SRA train targets, IoS, 8.2.2004, http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/transport/story.jsp?story=489094
Dans cet épisode du comics britannique Alex, le premier should est à la fois épistémique et radical (fais ce que je dis / ce que je pense, ce que je te conseille / suggère fortement), le second épistémique (estimation, prévision) :
Valeur épistémique + valeur radicale atténuée Une estimation / évaluation en should peut avoir valeur de simple conseil :
For most people, the MyDoom virus, which last week became the fastest-spreading ever to hit the internet, was just annoying. It filled inboxes with fake, bounced messages, infected attachments and incorrect scoldings from antivirus companies claiming that you'd tried to infect one of their clients. But unless you were infected (and if you have a PC running Windows, you should check to make sure; see below), it was just the computer equivalent of a traffic jam. Focus: Invasion of the cyber-gangsters : Who is behind the devastating MyDoom virus? Almost certainly organised criminals, says Charles Arthur, IoS, 8.2.2004, http://news.independent.co.uk/digital/features/story.jsp?story=489074
We should not fear religion
In an age of increasing spirituality the Christian churches are seeking new ways of linking people Headline and sub, O, 19.12.2004, http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1376825,00.html
autres énoncés en should
We should not have allowed 19 murderers to change our world So, three years after the international crimes against humanity in New York, Washington and Pennsylvania we were bombing Fallujah. Come again? Hands up those who knew the name of Fallujah on 11 September 2001. Or Samarra. Or Ramadi. Or Anbar province. Or Amarah. Or Tel Afar, the latest target in our "war on terror'' although most of us would find it hard to locate on a map (look at northern Iraq, find Mosul and go one inch to the left). Oh, what a tangled web we weave when first we practise to deceive. Headline and §1, I, 11.9.2004, http://news.independent.co.uk/world/fisk/story.jsp?story=560541
Utilisation à répétition de should par Tony Blair, premier ministre, lors d'un débat au Parlement :
18 March 2003 : Column 771
(...)
Partners are not servants, but neither are they rivals.
What Europe should have said last September
to the United States is this: with one voice it should
have said, "We understand your strategic anxiety over terrorism and
weapons of mass destruction and we will help you meet it. We will mean what we
say in any UN resolution we pass and will back it with action if Saddam fails to
disarm voluntarily. However, in return"—Europe
should have said—"we ask two things of you: that the US
should indeed
choose the UN path and you should
recognise the fundamental overriding
importance of restarting the middle east peace process, which we will hold you
to. All of us are now signed up to this vision: a state of Israel, recognised and accepted by all the world, and a viable Palestinian state. That is what this country should strive for, and we will.
And that should
be
part of a larger global agenda: on poverty and sustainable development; on
democracy and human rights; and on the good governance of nations (...) Hansard, 18.3.2003, http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/cm030318/debtext/30318-08.htm
The government should act to push the UK further ahead in the race to develop digital media, Victor Keegan argues We need a signal, G, 23.1.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/economicdispatch/story/0,12498,1129718,00.html
They were jailed, beaten, tortured or vilified for daring to express views that offended the president. Now eight Iraqis, from poets to political activists, tell Luke Harding what should happen to their tormentor Everyday tales of Saddam's cruelty, G, 22.12.2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1111562,00.html
Annonce d'un événement présenté comme prévu, inéluctable, qui doit nécessairement avoir lieu (au passé, idée de destin : She was to become...).
Who is to blame for the pension crisis? Frontpage headline, G, 10.7.2004. Full text : http://money.guardian.co.uk/pensions/story/0,6453,1257949,00.html
Tony Blair is to meet Jacques Chirac today.
Unprecedented security is to surround Europe's most popular New Year Festival, the Hogmany celebrations in Edinburgh, because of speculation that al-Quaeda terrorists could attack revellers. Terror alert at Hogmany party, O, p. 6, 29.12.2002.
seem set + to -> BV / be set + to -> BV
Blair set to hold talks with Gadafy
The prime minister, Tony Blair, is to meet the Libyan leader, Muammar Gadafy, it was revealed today. Headline and §1, G, 10.2.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/libya/story/0,14139,1145031,00.html
Rowling set to win first adult book prize
JK Rowling seems set to win the only literary success which has so far eluded her - her first adult book prize Headline and sub, G, 14.1.2003, http://books.guardian.co.uk/news/articles/0,6109,1122733,00.html#top
to avert the human and economic catastrophe of unchecked climate change. Blair warns of environmental catastrophe, §1, G, 14.9.2004, http://politics.guardian.co.uk/green/story/0,9061,1304271,00.html
"devoir" en anglais > autres énoncés
A judge in London rejected a challenge by Natallie Evans and Lorraine Hadley to a law which states that embryos must be destroyed unless both parties consent to storage and use. Women lose frozen embryos court case, PA, 1. 10.2003.
Should I continue my affair with a married man if he won't leave his wife? Private Lives, GE2, p. 8, 2.11.2001.
As a child, I used to think there ought to be something funny about Stanley Baxter, but I couldn't quite fathom what it was and join in the adults' laughter. TV heroes, Stanley Baxter, I, Review, p. 23, 24.12.2002.
Collins' philosophy is that "a dictionary should not dictate language but should listen and record language as it is spoken now ... language should be a living and evolving creature rather than tied down with out-of-date and inflexible definitions." Collins has an aha moment with weblish, GI, p. 6, 26.6.2003.
It is very tempting to sympathise with Dr Rowan Williams, a good, liberal-minded person, in the predicament that has been forced upon him so early in his term as Archbishop of Canterbury. But if he thinks that, by putting pressure on the gay priest Canon Jeffrey John to decline the post of Bishop of Reading, the problem will somehow go away, he is in for a rude shock. His decision won't endear him to the evangelicals who opposed his election, but will rightly anger the liberal opinion in the church that brought him to power - and all of this without solving the basic problem about the rights of gay people, who are accepted as individuals in the church, to take up positions of authority. For once the voice of the developing world has been listened to, but, sadly, it is one of the few occasions when it should have been totally ignored. Archbishop Williams bowed to the bigoted views of Archbishop Peter Akinola, leader of the 17.5million-strong church in Nigeria, who declared homosexuality to be an abomination that would trigger a schism if Canon John became bishop of Reading. By contrast, one vicar in the north of England asked in his parish newsletter this week how many times Jesus had mentioned homosexuality - to which his answer was "zilch". Although the decision is being presented as a voluntary one by Canon John on the grounds that he believed his consecration could do damage to the church, there is no doubt that he was bounced into it after a long meeting in Lambeth Palace on Saturday. This ought to have been an easy decision for the church since Dr John has not only declared - quite unnecessarily - that he was celibate but also that he would abide by the church's position on the ordination of gay people, even though he believes it penalises honesty. He should unquestionably have been promoted to send an unmistakable signal that the church has entered the 21st century. As it is, he quite possibly has a case for constructive dismissal. The bigots win, GW, 10/16-7-2003, p. 12. http://www.guardian.co.uk/religion/Story/0,2763,993047,00.html
In church on Sunday morning, their last morning, the Coverdales murmured that they had done things which they ought not to have done and left undone those things which they ought to have done. They uttered this in a reverent and quite sincere way, but they did not really think about what they were saying. Mr Archer preached a sermon about how one ought to be kind to old people, to one's elderly relatives, which had no bearing on anything in the Coverdales' lives, though plenty on the lives of Eunice Parchman and Joan Smith. (...) 'Woe to the wicked man who spreadeth slanders in the ears of the innocent!" Joan didn't necessarily quote from the Bible. Just as often she ranted in biblical language what she thought ought to have been in the Bible. A Judgment in Stone, Ruth Rendell, London, Arrow, pp. 167-169, ISBN 0 09 917140 6.
Related
formuler une hypothèse > may, might, should, must
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