auxiliaires > have aux > present perfect / past perfect

valeurs du past perfect

Present perfect et past perfect se construisent avec have auxiliaire.

Actif : have aux / had aux est suivi du participe passé (symbole grammatical : -EN).

Present perfect :  have aux + -EN

Past perfect  : had aux + -EN

-EN n'est que le symbole du participe passé (ex : thought, taken, become, cut).

Passif : have / had est suivi de been et du participe passé (-EN).

Present perfect : have + been + -EN

Past perfect : had + been + -EN

Past perfect > valeurs

1. Comme le present perfect, le past perfect sert à faire un bilan, mais dans un contexte passé.

A statement released on behalf of the company that owns the transporter, Elliott Sargeant of Totton,

Southhampton, said it was "devastated". It had been the first accident involving one of its vehicles

in more than eight years of trading.

    Five killed as pile-up brings M1 to a halt, GI, p. 7, 12.6.2003.

2. Le past perfect marque l'antériorité par rapport au passé (past / prétérit).

        Fifty years ago, on Saturday, February 28, 1953, two young scientists walked into the Eagle,

a dingy pub in Cambridge, England, and announced to the lunchtime crowd

that they had discovered the secret of life.

    Double Helix Leaps Fom Lab to Real Life, NYT/Le Monde, 9/10.3.2003.

    ---- A (had discovered / past perfect) ------------ B (walked /  announced / 28.02.1953 / past) -------->

3. Effet de rhétorique / de style : le past perfect met en valeur / en scène certains faits révolus.

Exemple dans une prochaine édition.

4. Hypothèse (Past perfect modal)

Dana Summers

Orlando, FL, The Orlando Sentinel

Cagle        18 December 2008

Le past perfect inversé (Had + GNS + p. passé)

permet de formuler une hypothèse sans utiliser if.

There is little doubt that had he not quit he would have been sacked.

    Sky News reporter who faked war report found hanged, G, 7.10.2003.

Musicians speculate endlessly about what Mozart might have achieved

had he not died at the miserably early age of 35.

    This Week's Top Picks, WSJE/Personal Journal), p. P8, 7/9.3.2003.

Voir aussi

Past perfect

Present perfect > Valeurs > Bilan

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