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formes > passif
> be
auxiliaire + participe passé (+ by + GN)
The Guardian p. 13 3.8.2005
formes verbales / modales au passif
be aux + p. passé (+ by + GN)
ellipse de be aux > p. passé seul
be + being + participe passé (+ by + GN)
have aux + been + p. passé / modal + be aux + p. passé
to -> be aux + participe passé // mode infinitif + passif en français
The young bride is institutionalized for schizophrenia !
Steve Roper and Mike Nomad Fran Matera
17.10.2004
Les formes passives sont très fréquentes en anglais
Condom ads could be screened [ modal + passif ] before 9pm watershed
Watchdogs call for radical shakeup of advertising rules
Rebecca Smithers
Photo caption :
The ban on condoms being advertised on TV before 9pm
could be scrapped.
The historic ban on condoms being advertised on TV before the 9pm watershed should be scrapped as part of the drive to reduce spiralling teenage pregnancy rates in the UK, it will be recommended tomorrow, as part of a radical shakeup of the rules governing advertising.
Pregnancy advisory services should also be permitted to advertise for the first time on the radio, under proposals resulting from the first major review of national advertising codes for nearly 50 years.
The bodies responsible for looking after the advertising codes will ask the public to give their views on a series of proposed new, simplified advertising standards, after an 18-month review. The codes are written [ présent passif ] by the Committee of Advertising Practice (CAP) and the Broadcast Committee of Advertising Practice (Bcap) [ by GN : complément d'agent ] .
Condom ads
could be screened before 9pm watershed, G, 26.3.2010,
Carter Wins Release of American in North Korea
The New York Times
SEOUL, South Korea — Former President Jimmy Carter left North Korea on Friday with Aijalon Mahli Gomes, an American who was sentenced [ prétérit passif ] to eight years of hard labor for illegally entering the country, the Carter Center said. Mr. Gomes was granted amnesty by the North Korean leader, Kim Jong-il,
the Carter
Center said in an e-mail. Mr. Gomes, 31, and Mr. Carter boarded a plane at the
Pyongyang Airport. to Boston, Mass., early Friday afternoon,
to be reunited [
infinitif passif ] with his
mother and other members of his family,” the statement said. (...) Carter Wins Release of American in North Korea, NYT, 27.8.2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/28/world/asia/28korea.html
Auxiliaire du passif : BE.
Comme le verbe BE, l'auxiliaire BE se conjugue, au présent (singulier : am, are, is, pluriel : are, are, are). ou au prétérit (was / were).
Exemples : He was [ BE auxiliaire conjugué au prétérit ] rushed to the hospital a few minutes ago.
Exceptions :
Au present perfect passif (1) et au past perfect passif (2), l'auxiliaire BE apparaît sous sa forme participe passé : been.
1 - He has been rushed to the hospital. 2 - He had been left for dead.
Ces énoncés ont donc chacun deux auxiliaires : HAVE - conjugué au présent (1) puis au prétérit (2) - et BE (au participe passé).
Dans un groupe verbal (GV) modalisé, l'auxiliaire du passif, BE, apparaît en base verbale (forme non conjuguée).
You could be killed. It can be said...
Rappel : dans un GV à la forme affirmative, un modal (will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should) est toujours suivi de la base verbale : MOD + BV
Dave Granlund Massachusetts Cagle 28 August 2010
Related
Growing Concern About Tainted Eggs After Recall
Dans un groupe verbal (GV) au passif, BE auxiliaire, qu'il soit à la base verbale, conjugué (présent ou prétérit), ou au participe passé, est toujours suivi du participe passé du verbe.
Rappelons qu'il y a deux catégories grammaticales de verbes en anglais : réguliers et irréguliers.
Chaque verbe irrégulier a sa propre forme participe passé. Quelques exemples : take (base verbale) took (prétérit) taken (participe passé) cut cut cut run ran run show showed shown find found found
Exemple : He was [ auxiliaire BE conjugué au prétérit ] shot [ participe passé du verbe irrégulier shoot ].
Les verbes réguliers prennent régulièrement (toujours) -ED au participe passé : BV + -ED > jail + -ed = jailed
Exemple : He was jailed.
Five [ ellipse de BE aux > are ] arrested over fatal stabbing of teenager Zac Olumegbon
Boy of 15 was ambushed at the gates of his school in south London, and fell into the arms of his teacher
James Meikle, Amy Fallon and agencies
was confronted [ prétérit passif ] by four young men [ complément d'agent ] at the gates of Park Campus School in West Norwood yesterday morning. He was stabbed several times and afterwards fell into the arms of his teacher.
He was
confirmed dead shortly after arriving at hospital. but was also stabbed in the arm in the school grounds.
He
was taken to hospital with minor injuries.
said Det Ch Insp McFarlane from the Metropolitan Police Homicide and Serious
Crime Command
took place
outside the school involving the two victims and the suspects.
sadly, the 15-year-old suffered fatal injuries.
but
was attacked in the grounds of the school,
suffering minor injuries.
"She had her hands open but it was too late and he collapsed in her arms,"
said Saima Sadfdar.
Apparently one of the teachers realised something was going on
and ran out to help." Leonie Arecha, who said she was a friend of the dead teenager, laid a bunch of flowers at the spot where he was killed. An attached card read: "I will always remember you. The good, the bad times no matter what.
I will always miss you and see you when I come up there." We called him 'little Zac' and I had known him about a year.
He was funny, I really don't know why he
was attacked."
aimed at getting young people back into mainstream education. Rose Gabriel, who lives nearby, said: "We were kind of expecting something to kick off at some point.
It's a shame it had to happen like this." were kept inside for questioning by teachers and police yesterday.
A post-mortem examination will be held
[ modal + passif ] at Greenwich Mortuary today.
Five arrested over fatal
stabbing of teenager Zac Olumegbon, G, 3.7.2010,
Souligné dans le texte original, BE auxiliaire peut porter l'accent de phrase et valider / certifier, tel un sceau, la relation prédicative :
Intelligence chief's bombshell: 'We were overruled on dossier' Headline, I, 4.1.2004, http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/politics/story.jsp?story=487557
Dans un énoncé au passif, le référent du sujet est souvent (mais pas toujours) présenté comme subissant l'action. Passif dans l'extralinguistique (la "réalité"), le sujet est tout sauf secondaire sur le plan linguistique.
Cadré en gros plan, il occupe le devant de la scène / de la phrase (noter à nouveau, ci-dessous, l'ellipse de BE auxiliaire) :
The Guardian p. 8 30.10.2004
Two girls were caught [ prétérit passif ] by police throwing bricks at cars from a footbridge over the M25 - but had to be released [ infinitif passif ] because aged nine they were too young to be prosecuted [ infinitif passif ]. Nine-year-olds caught throwing bricks on to M25, I, p. 11, 30.5.2003.
La voix passive a ici le même effet qu'un gros plan : au lieu de cadrer policiers et petites filles, on isole dans un gros plan les enfants - Two girls -, sur laquelle s'abat la main du policier / de la police.
A noter qu'ici le complément d'agent - by police - est mentionné. Dans nombre d'énoncés, ce complément reste "hors champ" (voir aussi case 1 du comics ci-dessous) : le complément d'agent (introduit par by) n'est pas toujours énoncé.
Transformer l'actif en passif, c'est souvent renverser la perspective, changer d'angle, de plan, d'échelle, de point de vue (champ / contre-champ,
plongée / contre-plongée) :
Soon after Mrs. H. leaves the day care center, she's pulled over by the police!
Rex Morgan Woody Wilson and Graham Nolan
Created in 1948 by Nicholas P.
Dallis 1.11.2004
Ci-dessous, le sous-titre est d'abord à l'actif (Une de l'édition internet du Guardian),
Goliath falls but Angel flies towards Els fire Sport: Bernhard Langer knocks out Vijay Singh as Ernie Els scraps into the semi-finals with his final putt.
puis repris au passif dans le corps de l'article :
Goliath falls but Angel flies towards Els fire The world No1 is knocked out by Langer but the world No2 survives to reach the semi-finals
Headline and sub, G, 16.10.2004
La passivation peut aussi être purement linguistique, sans référence à un état passif (le fait d'être victime, de souffrir, de subir) dans l'extralinguistique (la "réalité"):
'We want to play an old folks' home'
The Noisettes
are
being called
Britain's best live band.
It is said that ... / GN is said to -> BV
it is thought that ...
It is expected that ...
Girl shot in chest is believed to be London's youngest gun crime victim
Dans ces cas, le passif anglais peut se traduire en français
soit par la tournure impersonnelle "on dit que / pense que / s'attend à ce que... ";
soit par le conditionnel : "La petite fille blessée par balles à la poitrine serait la plus jeune victime..."
passif > autres énoncés
passif simple (présent / prétérit), passif en -ing infinitif passif modal + passif present perfect + passif past perfect + passif équivalent du subjonctif passif
Woman Is Burned Alive in an Elevator in Brooklyn
Woman Is Burned Alive in an Elevator in Brooklyn, NYT, 17.12.2011,
Teenager dies after stabbing outside party
Monday 8
September 2008
A teenager was stabbed to death in Sheffield after a group of up to 40 people, some armed with baseball bats and knives, fought
outside a 16-year-old girl's birthday party. Parson Cross, just after 11pm on Saturday. Witnesses said they saw the
victim staggering in the street before he collapsed. where he died from his injuries, South Yorkshire
police said. close to the murder scene. The police called for witnesses. One said a fight had begun in the street and had been between rival gangs. "It all started after a bit of banter and name-calling between the two gangs. One of them walked off to go home and then they all started fighting. It lasted for about 10 minutes. At one point two cars came
screeching up the street and you could hear them being trashed." but that a rival group turned up without
invitation. "There was a tremendous noise and I saw a lot of men fighting. I didn't dare go out so I phoned the police. The next thing I hear, someone has been stabbed."
Teenager dies after stabbing outside party, G, 8.9.2008,
Schoolgirls should be given contraceptive injections to cut the rising number of teenage pregnancies, according to the children's minister, Margaret Hodge.
Minister backs contraceptive
jabs to cut teen pregnancies, G, 16.11.2004,
Glimmer of hope for Briton but second US hostage is killed
Iraq claims woman prisoner [ ellipse de BE aux > is ] to be released Headline and sub, G, 22.9.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1309959,00.html
Two of the seven million dollar challenges that have baffled for more than a century may be close to [ préposition ] being solved
Maths holy grail could bring
disaster for internet, G, 7.9.2004,
A 15-year-old boy who died on Monday night in a privately run child jail was being physically restrained by three adult members of staff when he lost consciousness, the Guardian has learned. (...) is believed to be the youngest person in living memory to die not by their own hand in a British penal institution. The teenager, who had only arrived at the Rainsbrook secure training centre, Northamptonshire, run by Group 4, on Friday, to start his 12-month sentence, is believed to have been restrained by two men and a woman in his room. A full-scale investigation by Northamptonshire detectives has begun and will look at how Gareth "lost consciousness" following "an incident" at Rainsbrook. "It is too early to determine whether the death is suspicious or not, but this is a very serious matter and we will continue to investigate it thoroughly," a Northamptonshire police spokeswoman said. The three members of staff directly involved have been moved to other duties at Rainsbrook which do not involve daily contact with the 76 children held there. Last night Frances Crook, of the Howard League for Penal Reform, called for the suspension of the staff involved, and demanded that the privately run children's jail be closed pending a full investigation of the use of physical restraint. "This is a unique and shocking case," Ms Crook said. "There must be a full investigation into the use of physical restraint in all penal institutions for children, the prisons, local authority secure units and the private secure training centres." It is believed that an operations manager at Rainsbrook, who has been exonerated of previous allegations concerning bullying and coercion of children in his care, was not directly involved in the incident but gave Gareth first aid and also accompanied him to hospital. A statement by the Youth Justice Board this week said the exact cause of the "tragic death" was, as yet, unclear. The statement said: "It is reported that (...) lost consciousness. A duty nurse was called and attempted resuscitation while an ambulance was called. The ambulance arrived at 9.42pm and he was taken to Walsgrave hospital in Coventry where he was pronounced dead at 10.25pm." Jailed teenager died after being restrained : Three staff off care duties as death of boy, 15, is investigated, GI, p.7, 23.4.2004.
Blair to unveil crime superforce Intelligence-led agency to be launched to take on the 'Mr Bigs' of international criminal cartels
Tony Blair is to unveil a crime-busting superforce to tackle organised drugs, vice and money-laundering operations at a national and international level. The Organised Crime Agency, to be announced early next week, will combine elements of police and law enforcement units, such as the National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) and Customs, with highly-skilled financial and technology specialists to fight increasingly sophisticated global criminal cartels. Headline, sub and first §§, G, 7.2.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/crime/article/0,2763,1143054,00.html
Victim of cannibal agreed to be eaten Headline, G, 4.12.2003, http://www.guardian.co.uk/germany/article/0,2763,1099477,00.html
But, she alleges, she was subsequently gang-raped by up to seven other players and forced to perform unnatural sexual acts. Crisis rocks game, V, 7.10.2003.
A pensioner and his wife were being questioned by detectives last night for allegedly buying an Albanian boy whose father had traded him for a colour TV set.
Pensioners 'bought' child
traded for TV set :
Trafficked boy found after 3
years, G, 30.9.2003,
A Special Branch detective was stabbed to death by a suspected Al Qaeda terrorist last night. The 40-year-old married man was killed during a raid on a house in Manchester which had been under surveillance for days. Four other officers were wounded as police swooped on a man suspected of masterminding a plot to launch a bio-terror attack on Britain. The raid was linked to the discovery of the deadly poison ricin in London earlier this month. Greater Manchester Police said three men of North African origin had been arrested. The force's Special Branch had been conducting a joint operation with MI5 watching the house in Crumpsall, North Manchester, a rundown area of Victorian houses and modern blocks of flat. It is believed that after police raided the property and 'contained' the suspects, one managed to break away. He grabbed a knife and launched a furious attack on officers, leaving one dying from a chest wound. None of the police had been armed. It was not clear whether the murdered detective, who was married with children, was wearing protective clothing. Five officers stabbed in raid in a suburban street: 'Terrorist' murders a detective, DM, p. 1/4, 15.1.2003.
Up to 140,000 people are thought to have been killed when an atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. As many as 80,000 died when a second device exploded in the skies above Nagasaki three days later. It was the first time nuclear weapons had been used to kill people and for almost six decades since, physicists have been laboriously trying to piece together exactly what happened during and in the immediate aftermath of the attacks. Weapons like the bomb used on Nagasaki were tested after the war, so scientists knew a fair amount about what must have happened there during the blast. But with Hiroshima things were more complex, partly because the bomb dropped there was a one-off - nothing like it was ever used again. Now, almost 58 years to the day after the Hiroshima bomb was dropped, scientists think they have all the answers they will ever get about events that day. Using recently discovered large-scale Japanese maps from the time, sophisticated computer models and new radiation measurements taken from old lightning rods and guttering, the scientists from Japan and America have completed a painstaking reconstruction of events in Hiroshima. This is more than mere scientific curiosity. The reconstruction is already being used to better estimate the doses of radiation received by the people who survived the attack. This information is used to set everything from their financial compensation from the Japanese government to safety limits on modern-day exposures to radiation. In a Japanese census in 1950, some 280,000 people said they had been exposed to radiation from one of the two atomic bombs. The crucial question was: how much? Human exposure to dangerous levels of radiation is extremely rare, so the atomic bomb survivors provide the best evidence of what the effects are. By comparing the radiation doses the survivors received with the illnesses they later developed, scientists try to work out how lower exposures to radiation may trigger cancer. Every time you have an x-ray, for example, the safety data used to set your dose of radiation can be directly traced back to the events at Hiroshima. Likewise for patients receiving radiotherapy and for those people working in nuclear power stations.
The day the sky exploded:
Young people in a child jail are being locked in their bedrooms in breach of Home Office rules as a way of controlling them, according to a government inspection report. Inmates excluded from education are locked alone in a bedroom for the duration of morning or afternoon lessons at the Medway Secure Training Centre, near Rochester. The report demands an immediate review of "single separation" which the social services inspection team found fell short of acceptable standards. The child jail is also criticised for failing to tackle criminal attitudes and antisocial behaviour. Staff are accused of using language that could be seen as offensive to teenagers from ethnic minority backgrounds. It highlights "coloured" and "half-caste" as words used to describe some young inmates. Although the report found the staff at the centre were less likely to resort to physical restraint in dealing with disruptive behaviour than in the past, single separation was being used as a means of control more widely than acceptable under national guidance and regulations. The Home Office contract stated that young people should be put in their bedrooms only at night between the hours of 9.30pm and 7.30am or exceptionally when necessary for their own safety, the safety of others or the security of the centre. The report also found that life at the centre, which is run by Rebound ECD, a subsidiary of Group 4, had been disrupted by management difficulties and high staff turnover. A social services inspectorate report in 1999 found that excessive force was used to keep order. Wrist and neck locks were used to control offenders aged 12 to 14 and physical restraint was used by staff 150 times a month. Young offenders locked in bedrooms, source à préciser, 2003.
The reality matched the hype yesterday as the latest Harry Potter book continued to fly off the shelves at a record rate. More than 1m copies of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix are estimated to have been sold in Britain over the weekend. An average of 220 copies were bought every minute at Tesco supermarkets, with 317,400 copies sold by the chain in th first 24 hours after the book went on sale at one minute past midnight on Saturday. Harry casts worlwide spell, GI, p. 5, 23.6.2003.
Black people are five times more likely than white people to be stopped and searched by police and, once arrested, are more likely to be remanded in custody than other offenders charged with similar sentences. Black people six times more likely to be jailed than whites, O, p. 9, 29.12.2002.
A credit card that tells you "Don't spend any more, you're far too drunk" is being developed by Tesco for those whose thrift is addled by alcohol. Credit card that tells you when you're drunk in charge, GE, p. 6, § 1, 18.1.2003.
Thousands of children are being smuggled into Europe from war-ravaged Somalia every year, with Britain the most popular destination, according to a UN report released yesterday. Somali children in exodus to Europe, GE, p. 9, § 1, 18.1.2003.
The burglar who was injured by Tony Martin after breaking into his home is to sue the farmer for £15,000 compensation for loss of earnings, it emerged yesterday. Burglar wounded in break-in will sur for loss of earnings, GE, p. 4, 24.12.2002.
All young people are to be warned [ infinitif passif ] about the dangers of crack cocaine amid growing evidence that dealing it is seen as an attractive career option by some, under a Home Office strategy unveiled yesterday. Crack warning for the young, GE, p. 4, 24.12.2002.
Forty new jails would have to be built [ infinitif passif ] to cope with a prison population which will reach almost 110,000 by the end of the decade, according to Home Office statistics published yesterday. 40 new jails needed as courts get tougher, T, p. 12, 10.12.2002.
A terrorist who had been convicted [ past perfect passif ] of six murders was found shot dead in a wood at the weekend in a suspected suicide just weeks after he had been released [ infinitif passif ] on parole. Eta murderer commits suicide after release, T, p. 16, 25.11.2002.
Man dies from rabbies after being bitten by bat Headline, GE, p. 2, 25.11.2002.
The two suspects were taken without a struggle. After their arrest in the early hours of the morning, a rifle of the same calibre used in the attacks was found in their car, along with telescopic sights and a tripod. A hole had been drilled [ past perfect passif ] in the boot of the two men's Chevrolet, which could have allowed them to shoot from the car if they had pushed the back seat down to make an improvised sniper's nest. Found asleep but ready to kill: Gulf veteran and the teenager, GE, p.1, 25.10.2002
An Italian photographer was killed by Israeli machine-gun fire in fierce fighting in central Ramallah yesterday. He was the first foreign journalist to be killed in the 18 months of the Palestinian uprising. A French photographer was injured by shrapnel yesterday and an Egyptian cameraman was hit when Israeli troops shot at his car – which was marked with TV signs – but the bullets were stopped by his flat jacket. Israeli shots kill journalist, GE, p. 6, 14.3.2002.
In Santiago City, Philippines, mobiles are banned in public to "forestall the occurrence of accident and disturbance". Hi, I'm in G2, G2, p. 5, 11.11.2002.
Railtrack and Thames Trains are to be prosecuted [ infinitif passif ] over their roles in the 1999 Paddington rail crash, in which 31 people died and a further 500 were injured, it was announced yesterday. Paddington rail crash to be prosecuted, GE, p. 5, 14.3.2002.
Doctors will be put on the alert tomorrow for new cases of TB amid fears that outbreaks of the deadly disease are being misdiagnosed. Doctors put on TB alert, O, p. 7, 24.3.2002.
‘I have been stoned, I have been beaten. [ present perfect passif ] My family is in hiding.’ Thousands flee Mugabe retribution, O, p. 25, 25.3.2002.
An attempt was made to kidnap Princess Anne as she drove along The Mall in London. Her car was ambushed and shot at, with one bullet passing between her and Captain Mark Phillips. The gunman was chased into St. James’ Park where he was apprehended. Ian Ball (right) was detained without limit of time under the Mental Health Act. Man accused of bid to kill royal bodyguard, 2002 sub headline, On This Day, T, March 22, 1974, T, p. 46, 22.3.2002.
énoncés modalisés au passif
MOD + be auxiliaire + p. passé
The Guardian Society 1 p. 13 21.6.2006
The Guardian p. 15 24.6.2006
Condom ads could be screened before 9pm watershed
Watchdogs call for radical shakeup of advertising rules
Thursday 26 March 2009
The historic ban on condoms being advertised on TV before the
9pm watershed should be scrapped as part of
the drive to reduce spiralling teenage pregnancy rates in the UK, it
will be recommended tomorrow, as part of a
radical shakeup of the rules governing advertising.
Condom ads could be screened before 9pm
watershed, G, 26.3.2009,
Voir aussi / Related
Passif > verbes à particule adverbiale Anglonautes > Grammaire > Formes > Passif > Infinitif passif Anglonautes > Grammaire > Adverbes > Place de l'adverbe dans un GV au passif Anglonautes > Grammaire > Passif en -ing Anglonautes > Grammaire > Formes > Ellipse de BE auxiliaire
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