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The Guardian        Weekend        p. 18        22.4.2006

The Guardian        p. 8        16.5.2005

The Guardian        Travel        p. 15        8.4.2006

The Guardian        p. 34        19.12.2006

The Guardian        Weekend        p. 74        15.7.2006

The Guardian        Work        p. 19        8.7.2006

The Guardian        p. 8        22.4.2006

The Guardian        Society 2        p. 21        5.4.2006

The Guardian        Society        p. 23        9.11.2005

The Guardian        Sport        p. 32        13.8.2005

The Guardian        p. 28        4.11.2005

The Guardian        p. 8        4.11.2005

The Guardian        p. 21        7.7.2007

The Guardian        p. 15        1 December 2008
http://digital.guardian.co.uk/guardian/2008/12/01/pdfs/gdn_081201_ber_15_21350753.pdf

British motorists face paying a new charge for every mile they drive

in a revolutionary scheme to be introduced within two years.

Drivers will pay according to when and how far they travel throughout the country's road network

under proposals being developed by the Government.

Alistair Darling, the Secretary of State for Transport,

evealed that pilot areas will be selected in just 24 months' time as he made clear

his determination to press ahead with a national road pricing scheme.

Each [ pronom ] of Britain's 24 million vehicles would be tracked by satellite

if a variable "pay-as-you-drive" charge replaces the current road tax.

[ ... ]

The rapid uptake of satellite navigational technology in cars is helping

to usher in the new "pay-as-you-drive" charge much sooner than had been expected.

Figures contained in a government feasibility study have suggested

motorists could pay up to £1.34 for each [ déterminant ] mile they travel

during peak hours on the most congested roads.

Although a fully operational national scheme is still considered to be a decade away,

Mr Darling said local schemes could be up and running within five years.

Manchester is considered a front-runner, with local authorities in the Midlands and London

also pressing to be considered for a £2.5bn central fund to introduce the change.

Most of the necessary technology already exists. Lorries will be tracked by satellite and charged

accordingly from 2007. The main obstacle to constructing a scheme

to track Britain's 24 million private vehicles is public opinion,

and Mr Darling is determined to start making the case now.

"You could dance around this for years but every year the problem is getting worse," he said.

    Satellite toll plan to make drivers pay by the mile > Darling orders nationwide road pricing. Charge of £1.34 a mile on busiest roads, O, 5.6.2005, http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/transport/story.jsp?story=644303

3.11.2005

14.6.2005

http://www.thesun.co.uk/article/0,,2-2005270258,00.html

Jacko = Michael Jackson

Chinese Checkers Master will rate your skill level, track your progress with each game you play,

give you the most challenging, human-like computer opponents to play against, and so much more.

Every time you challenge yourself with the top level computer opponents, you will increase your planning, logic, and strategic skills. Chinese Checkers is all about positional advantage. The better you get at analyzing patterns and predicting your opponents moves, the more games you’ll win. And with every game you win, you will feel yourself gaining these valuable skills.

Order the full, registered game for only $24.95!

Download and play the free trial version.

Every time you challenge yourself with the top level computer opponents, you’ll be improving your competitive skills. You’ll win more games against human players then you ever have before.

Play with up to five Master level computer opponents in one game!

You will always know your current player rating with Chinese Checkers Master's extensive statistics tracking. Chinese Checkers Master has all the features you would expect in a Chinese Checkers game. Here’s a sample of the features included:

- Intelligent computer opponents who play like real humans do. You can choose the skill level of each computer opponent from Novice to Master player. In total, there are five different computer opponent skill settings.

- A complete statistics database which records all your games under your name. For every game you play, your player rating is automatically updated, telling you at a glance what your skill level is.

    Chinese Checkers Master, copié 30.11.2004, http://www.guardiangames.com/Pages/ChineseCheckers.html

Plan to keep file on every child

Every child in England will be given a unique identifying number attached to an electronic file of personal information about their lives, under plans announced yesterday to avoid a repetition of the murder of Victoria Climbié.

The eight-year-old from the Ivory Coast died in London in 2000 after months of torture and malnutrition. Her carers were jailed for life, but a public inquiry under Lord Laming identified at least 12 occasions when she might have been saved by social workers, police or NHS staff if they had been aware of each others' suspicions.

The proposal came as part of a wide-ranging package of reforms, announced by Tony Blair, including plans to appoint an independent children's commissioner to champion their rights.

To tighten the child protection net, a sophisticated tracking system to keep tabs on England's 11 million children has been proposed.

In 150 local authorities, where education and children's social services are to be merged into new children's departments, there will be a "local information hub" recording details of all the children living in the area.

    Headline and §1, 9.9.2003, http://society.guardian.co.uk/children/story/0,1074,1038411,00.html

The Guardian        G2        p. 13        25.5.2005
http://digital.guardian.co.uk/guardian/2005/05/25/pages/two12.shtml

How to pick a winning hand every time

(...)

Never play rock, paper, scissors with a mathematician. Well, not until you have heard what Simon Singh has to say

But the greatest achievement of mathematicians with respect to RPS has been to invent a dice game. The game involves two players, each [ pronom ] rolling a die, and the one with the higher number wins. Each player starts by choos ing a die from a selection of three, labelled A, B and C. Curiously, over the course of several throws, die A beats die B, while B beats C, while C beats A!

Common sense tells us that die C should not beat die A, because we have a notion that if A is better than B, and B is better than C, then A should be better than C. Mathematicians calls this usual relationship transitive. Consequently, the dice that defy this rule and instead obey the laws of RPS are called non-transitive dice.

Here are the faces for one possible set of three non-transitive dice. Each die has three numbers, each one repeated to cover the six faces.

Die A -3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 7

Die B - 2, 2, 4, 4, 9, 9

Die C - 1, 1, 6, 6, 8, 8

So what happens if you play die A against die B? If A shows a three, then it will win 1/3 of the time. If A shows a five then it will win 2/3 of the time. And if A throws a seven then it will again 2/3 of the time. Hence, on average A beats B 5/9 of the time.

Similarly, we can analyse die B played against die C. If B shows a two, then it will win 1/3 of the time. If B shows a four then it will win 1/3 of the time. And if B shows a nine then it will win 3/3 of the time. Hence, on average B beats C 5/9 of the time.

Finally, we can play die C against die A. If C shows a one, then it will win 0/3 of the time. If C shows a six then it will win 2/3 of the time. And if C shows an eight then it will win 3/3 of the time. On average C beats A 5/9 of the time.

Curiously, the numbers of the three dice form the rows of a magic square. Indeed, another set of non-transitive dice can also be constructed, by using the numbers in the three columns of the same magic square.

6, 1, 8

7, 5, 3

2, 9, 4

This discovery of mathematical RPS dates back to the 1970s, and it has been used by mathematicians ever since as way of paying their rent. Typically, a savvy mathematician might go into a bar, show how die A beats die B and how die B beats die C, and then he challenges drinkers to a game of highest number wins. Every opponent picks die A, which appears to be the superior dice, but the crafty mathematician then wins by picking dice C.

Keen to come up with an even cleverer set of non-transitive dice, Bradley Efron of Stanford University developed sets of four dice, whereby every die could be beaten by at least one other die. The advantage of these sets of four dice is that they can offer a greater chance of winning on each throw and therefore a bigger profit margin.

Die A - 0, 0, 4, 4, 4, 4

Die B - 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3

Die C - 2, 2, 2, 2, 6, 6

Die D - 1, 1, 1, 5, 5, 5

Die A beats B 2/3 of the time, B beats C 2/3 of the time, C beats D 2/3 of the time, and D beats A 2/3 of the time.

Even better, Allen J Schwenk of Western Michigan University discovered a set of three non-transitive dice that exhibit a very peculiar (and useful) property. The dice have the following faces:

Die A - 1, 1, 1, 13, 13, 13

Die B - 0, 3, 3, 12, 12, 12

Die C - 2, 2, 2, 11, 11, 14

First, as before, if your opponent picks any die, then you can always pick one that beats it. However, if you are forced to pick first and your opponent happens to then pick the better die, then a slight rule change still gives you the edge. Just play the game such that each die is rolled twice and it is the highest total that wins. Bizarrely, your inferior die suddenly becomes superior.

If you happen to bump into a mathematician in a bar playing non-transitive dice, then you might want to fight back by offering a game of extreme rock, paper, scissors, which has the added twist that the winner of a bout can punish the loser by using their winning hand. A winning rock leads to a punch, a winning paper to a slap, and a winning scissors to a poke. This adds immense complexity to the game. The mathematician might be tempted to offer rock rather than scissors as it will allow a punch rather than a poke if it wins, but a skilled opponent will anticipate this and offer paper, which defeats the rock and allows a slap in return.

Perhaps such retaliation might help restore some integrity and decency to the ancient game of RPS. The Romans, who played micare digitis (flash the fingers), used to say of an honest man: "Dignus est quicum in tenebris mices", which meant that he could be trusted to play RPS in the dark.

    How to pick a winning hand every time : Never play rock, paper, scissors with a mathematician. Well, not until you have heard what Simon Singh has to say, G, 14.10.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/feature/story/0,13026,1326278,00.html

Each ... and Every Inch

Now here is something completely different away from the hustle and bustle of the fringe. Theatre Cryptic's multi-sensory odyssey into the mind of Elizabeth Smart, the author of the slender but devastating By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept, is a trip well worth making. Perhaps because this promenade event requires the audience to make a journey through the hidden spaces of the Gateway theatre, and to open up enough to make a tour into our own emotional hinterlands.

Each ... and Every Inch is really a cunning installation which leads the audience from room to room and in the process deeper and deeper into the pain and passion of Smart's psyche as she struggles with her overwhelming love for her married lover, the poet George Barker. In one room, the faces of Smart and Barker morph into each other; in another Smart's obsessive personality is represented by stacks of wooden books.

Throughout, the sound of the sea and the sound of shattered glass and shattered hearts mingle with Smart's words. "There is," wrote Smart "an imminence in a certain kind of silence". The silence here is of your own heart beating.

    Headline, full text, 19.8.2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/arts/edinburgh2004/story/0,14762,1286068,00.html

Tony Blair today backed David Blunkett, who is accused of fast-tracking a visa application to help a former lover,

telling a Downing Street press conference that he has "absolutely every confidence" in the home secretary.

    Blair backs Blunkett, G, 29.11.2004, http://politics.guardian.co.uk/homeaffairs/story/0,11026,1362066,00.html

The Guardian        p. 7        25.5.2005
http://digital.guardian.co.uk/guardian/2005/05/25/pages/brd7.shtml

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